Creation of herbicide resistant gene and use thereof

ABSTRACT

The present invention belongs to the field of plant genetic engineering. Specifically, the invention relates to a method for creating novel herbicide resistant plants by base editing techniques and a method for screening endogenous gene mutation sites capable of conferring herbicide resistance in plants. The invention also relates to the use of the identified endogenous gene mutantation sites in crop breeding.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention belongs to the field of plant genetic engineering. Specifically, the invention relates to a method for creating novel herbicide resistant plants by base editing techniques and a method for screening endogenous gene mutations capable of conferring herbicide resistance in plants. The invention also relates to the use of the identified endogenous gene mutantations in crop breeding.

BACKGROUND

Weeds are major threaten to crops, which not only affect the yield and quality of crops, but also transmit agricultural pests and diseases. Therefore, effective weed control is the prerequisite for achieving high yields in agriculture. Traditional manual weeding is inefficient and leads to high cost, and thus has been gradually replaced by spraying chemical herbicides during the growth of crops. At present, in China's agricultural production, the area and amount of herbicide applied have exceeded pesticides and fungicides.

The working mechanisms of herbicides can be divided into three categories: the first is to inhibit the enzymes involved in the plant photosynthesis system; the second is to inhibit cell metabolism, such as inhibition of synthesis of amino acid or fatty acid; the third is to inhibit cell growth/division, including inhibition of microtube assembly or interfering with plant hormone systems. The enzymes that herbicides inhibit are also sensitive in many crops; therefore, many herbicides can cause serious damage to the crop while controlling the weed. Therefore, it is of great significance to improve crop resistance to herbicides.

There are two main strategies to increase crop resistance to herbicides. One is target resistance, which means that the enzymes that are inhibited by herbicides have been mutated such that herbicides cannot effectively inhibit their physiological activities. This strategy generally involves resistance to imidazolinone, glyphosate, sulphonylurea, atrazine and the like. The second is detoxification, that is, to protect the physiological function of the target enzyme through the rapid degradation of herbicides. This strategy generally involves the plant endogenous P450 enzyme system and resistance to glufosinate, 2,4-D, dicamba and the like by transgenes.

There are currently two different technical approaches to achieving herbicide resistance in plants: i) traditional crop breeding, including chemical mutagenesis, radiation mutagenesis, etc.; and ii) transgenes, that is, incorporation of herbicide resistant genes into plants of interest. However, the probability of obtaining herbicide-resistant mutations (especially multiple mutations in a same gen) by traditional breeding produces is very low, and it is possible to produce linked undesired mutations. Transgenic technology can only introduce known herbicide-resistant genes into the plant of interest to confer the expected herbicide resistance.

There is still a need in the art for simpler and more efficient methods for obtaining herbicide-resistant plants and new herbicide-resistant genes.

DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1. shows the screening of resistant mutations in rice ALS.

FIG. 2. shows the screening of resistant mutations in rice ACCase.

FIG. 3. shows the screening of resistant mutations in wheat ALS.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION I. Definition

In the present invention, unless indicated otherwise, the scientific and technological terminologies used herein refer to meanings commonly understood by a person skilled in the art. Also, the terminologies and experimental procedures used herein relating to protein and nucleotide chemistry, molecular biology, cell and tissue cultivation, microbiology, immunology, all belong to terminologies and conventional methods generally used in the art. For example, the standard DNA recombination and molecular cloning technology used herein are well known to a person skilled in the art, and are described in details in the following references: Sambrook, J., Fritsch, E. F. and Maniatis, T., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press: Cold Spring Harbor, 1989 (hereinafter refers to as “Sambrook et al”). In the meantime, in order to better understand the present invention, definitions and explanations for the relevant terminologies are provided below.

“Cas9 nuclease” and “Cas9” can be used interchangeably herein, which refer to a RNA directed nuclease, including the Cas9 protein or fragments thereof (such as a protein comprising an active DNA cleavage domain of Cas9 and/or a gRNA binding domain of Cas9). Cas9 is a component of the CRISPR/Cas (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and its associated system) genome editing system, which targets and cleaves a DNA target sequence to form a DNA double strand breaks (DSB) under the guidance of a guide RNA.

“guide RNA” and “gRNA” can be used interchangeably herein, which typically are composed of crRNA and tracrRNA molecules forming complexes through partial complement, wherein crRNA comprises a sequence that is sufficiently complementary to a target sequence for hybridization and directs the CRISPR complex (Cas9+crRNA+tracrRNA) to specifically bind to the target sequence. However, it is known in the art that single guide RNA (sgRNA) can be designed, which comprises the characteristics of both crRNA and tracrRNA.

“Deaminase” refers to an enzyme that catalyzes the deamination reaction. In some embodiments of the present invention, the deaminase refers to a cytidine deaminase, which catalyzes the deamination of a cytidine or a deoxycytidine to a uracil or a deoxyuridine, respectively.

“Genome” as it applies to plant cells encompasses not only chromosomal DNA found within the nucleus, but organelle DNA found within subcellular components (e.g., mitochondrial, plastid) of the cell.

As used herein, the term “plant” includes a whole plant and any descendant, cell, tissue, or part of a plant. The term “plant parts” include any part(s) of a plant, including, for example and without limitation: seed (including mature seed and immature seed); a plant cutting; a plant cell; a plant cell culture; a plant organ (e.g., pollen, embryos, flowers, fruits, shoots, leaves, roots, stems, and explants). A plant tissue or plant organ may be a seed, protoplast, callus, or any other group of plant cells that is organized into a structural or functional unit. A plant cell or tissue culture may be capable of regenerating a plant having the physiological and morphological characteristics of the plant from which the cell or tissue was obtained, and of regenerating a plant having substantially the same genotype as the plant. In contrast, some plant cells are not capable of being regenerated to produce plants. Regenerable cells in a plant cell or tissue culture may be embryos, protoplasts, meristematic cells, callus, pollen, leaves, anthers, roots, root tips, silk, flowers, kernels, ears, cobs, husks, or stalks.

Plant parts include harvestable parts and parts useful for propagation of progeny plants. Plant parts useful for propagation include, for example and without limitation: seed; fruit; a cutting; a seedling; a tuber; and a rootstock. A harvestable part of a plant may be any useful part of a plant, including, for example and without limitation: flower; pollen; seedling; tuber; leaf; stem; fruit; seed; and root.

A plant cell is the structural and physiological unit of the plant, and includes protoplast cells without a cell wall and plant cells with a cell wall. A plant cell may be in the form of an isolated single cell, or an aggregate of cells (e.g., a friable callus and a cultured cell), and may be part of a higher organized unit (e.g., a plant tissue, plant organ, and plant). Thus, a plant cell may be a protoplast, a gamete producing cell, or a cell or collection of cells that can regenerate into a whole plant. As such, a seed, which comprises multiple plant cells and is capable of regenerating into a whole plant, is considered a “plant cell” in embodiments herein.

The term “protoplast”, as used herein, refers to a plant cell that had its cell wall completely or partially removed, with the lipid bilayer membrane thereof naked, and thus includes protoplasts, which have their cell wall entirely removed, and spheroplasts, which have their cell wall only partially removed, but is not limited thereto. Typically, a protoplast is an isolated plant cell without cell walls which has the potency for regeneration into cell culture or a whole plant.

“Progeny” of a plant comprises any subsequent generation of the plant.

A “genetically modified plant” includes a plant which comprises within its genome an exogenous polynucleotide. For example, the exogenous polynucleotide is stably integrated within the genome such that the polynucleotide is passed on to successive generations. The exogenous polynucleotide may be integrated into the genome alone or as part of a recombinant DNA construct. The modified gene or expression regulatory sequence means that, in the plant genome, said sequence comprises one or more nucleotide substitution, deletion, or addition. For example, a genetically modified plant obtained by the present invention may contain one or more C to T substitutions relative to the wild type plant (corresponding plant that is not genetically modified).

The term “exogenous” with respect to sequence means a sequence that originates from a foreign species, or, if from the same species, is substantially modified from its native form in composition and/or genomic locus by deliberate human intervention.

“Polynucleotide”, “nucleic acid sequence”, “nucleotide sequence”, or “nucleic acid fragment” are used interchangeably to refer to a polymer of RNA or DNA that is single- or double-stranded, optionally containing synthetic, non-natural or altered nucleotide bases. Nucleotides (usually found in their 5′-monophosphate form) are referred to by their single letter designation as follows: “A” for adenylate or deoxyadenylate (for RNA or DNA, respectively), “C” for cytidylate or deoxycytidylate, “G” for guanylate or deoxyguanylate, “U” for uridylate, “T” for deoxythymidylate, “R” for purines (A or G), “Y” for pyrimidines (C or T), “K” for G or T, “H” for A or C or T, “I” for inosine, and “N” for any nucleotide.

“Polypeptide”, “peptide”, “amino acid sequence” and “protein” are used interchangeably herein to refer to a polymer of amino acid residues. The terms apply to amino acid polymers in which one or more amino acid residue is an artificial chemical analogue of a corresponding naturally occurring amino acid, as well as to naturally occurring amino acid polymers. The terms “polypeptide”, “peptide”, “amino acid sequence”, and “protein” are also inclusive of modifications including, but not limited to, glycosylation, lipid attachment, sulfation, gamma-carboxylation of glutamic acid residues, hydroxylation and ADP-ribosylation.

As used herein, an “expression construct” refers to a vector suitable for expression of a nucleotide sequence of interest in a plant, such as a recombinant vector. “Expression” refers to the production of a functional product. For example, the expression of a nucleotide sequence may refer to transcription of the nucleotide sequence (such as transcribe to produce an mRNA or a functional RNA) and/or translation of RNA into a protein precursor or a mature protein.

“Expression construct” of the invention may be a linear nucleic acid fragment, a circular plasmid, a viral vector, or, in some embodiments, an RNA that can be translated (such as an mRNA).

“Expression construct” of the invention may comprise regulatory sequences and nucleotide sequences of interest that are derived from different sources, or regulatory sequences and nucleotide sequences of interest derived from the same source, but arranged in a manner different than that normally found in nature.

“Regulatory sequence” or “regulatory element” are used interchangeably and refer to nucleotide sequences located upstream (5′ non-coding sequences), within, or downstream (3′ non-coding sequences) of a coding sequence, and which influence the transcription, RNA processing or stability, or translation of the associated coding sequence. A plant expression regulatory element refers to a nucleotide sequence capable of controlling the transcription, RNA processing or stability or translation of a nucleotide sequence of interest in a plant.

Regulatory sequences may include, but are not limited to, promoters, translation leader sequences, introns, and polyadenylation recognition sequences.

“Promoter” refers to a nucleic acid fragment capable of controlling transcription of another nucleic acid fragment. In some embodiments of the invention, the promoter is a promoter capable of controlling gene transcription in a plant cell whether or not its origin is from a plant cell. The promoter may be a constitutive promoter or a tissue-specific promoter or a developmentally regulated promoter or an inducible promoter.

“Constitutive promoter” refers to a promoter that generally causes gene expression in most cell types in most circumstances. “Tissue-specific promoter” and “tissue-preferred promoter” are used interchangeably, and refer to a promoter that is expressed predominantly but not necessarily exclusively in one tissue or organ, but that may also be expressed in one specific cell or cell type. “Developmentally regulated promoter” refers to a promoter whose activity is determined by developmental events. “Inducible promoter” selectively expresses a DNA sequence operably linked to it in response to an endogenous or exogenous stimulus (environment, hormones, or chemical signals, and so on).

As used herein, the term “operably linked” means that a regulatory element (for example but not limited to, a promoter sequence, a transcription termination sequence, and so on) is associated to a nucleic acid sequence (such as a coding sequence or an open reading frame), such that the transcription of the nucleotide sequence is controlled and regulated by the transcriptional regulatory element. Techniques for operably linking a regulatory element region to a nucleic acid molecule are known in the art.

“Introduction” of a nucleic acid molecule (such as a plasmid, a linear nucleic acid fragment, RNA, and so on) or protein into a plant means transforming the plant cell with the nucleic acid or protein so that the nucleic acid or protein can function in the plant cell. “Transformation” as used herein includes stable transformation and transient transformation.

“Stable transformation” refers to introducing an exogenous nucleotide sequence into a plant genome, resulting in genetically stable inheritance. Once stably transformed, the exogenous nucleic acid sequence is stably integrated into the genome of the plant and any successive generations thereof

“Transient transformation” refers to introducing a nucleic acid molecule or protein into a plant cell, performing its function without stable inheritance. In transient transformation, the exogenous nucleic acid sequence is not integrated into the plant genome.

II. Base editing system for generating herbicide-resistant plants

The present invention provides a system for base editing of a herbicide resistance related gene in the genome of a plant, comprising at least one of the following (i) to (v):

i) a base editing fusion protein, and a guide RNA;

ii) an expression construct comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a base editing fusion protein, and a guide RNA;

iii) a base editing fusion protein, and an expression construction comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a guide RNA;

iv) an expression construct comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a base editing fusion protein, and an expression construct comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a guide RNA;

v) an expression construct comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding base editing fusion protein and a nucleotide sequence encoding guide RNA;

wherein said base editing fusion protein contains a nuclease-inactivated CRISPR nuclease domain (such as nuclease-inactivated Cas9 domain) and a deaminase domain, said guide RNA can target said base editing fusion protein to a target sequence in the herbicide resistance related gene in the plant genome.

The herbicide resistance-related gene may be a gene encoding a protein having an important physiological activity in a plant, which may be inhibited by the herbicide. Mutation in such herbicide-resistance-related gene may reverse the inhibition of herbicide and retain its physiological activity. Alternatively, the herbicide resistance related gene may encode a protein that is capable of degrading herbicides. Increasing the expression of such herbicide-associated gene or enhancing its degradation activity can result in increased resistance to herbicides.

In some embodiments of the present invention, herbicide resistance-related genes include, but are not limited to, PsbA gene (resistant to atrazine, etc.), ALS (acetolactate synthase) gene (resistant to sulfonylurea, Imidazolidinone, etc.), EPSPS (5-enolpyruvate oxalate-3-phosphate synthase) gene (resistant to glyphosate), ACCase (acetyl-CoA carboxylase) gene (resistant to sethoxydim, etc.), PPO (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) gene (resistant to carfentrazone-ethyl etc.) and HPPD (p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase) gene (resistant to mesotrione etc.), PDS (Phytoene dehydrogenase) (resistant to diflufenican etc.), GS (glutamine synthetase) (target of herbicides such as glufosinate), DOXPS (target of herbicides such as clomazone), P450 (involved in the degradation of herbicides).

In some embodiments, the guide RNA targets one or more of SEQ ID NOs: 19-78.

There is no specific limitation to the nuclease-inactivated CRISPR nuclease that can be used in the present invention, provided that it retains the capability of targeting specific DNA under the guidiance of gRNA, for example, those derived from Cas9, Cpf1 and the like can be used. Nuclease-inactivated Cas9 nuclease is preferred.

The DNA cleavage domain of Cas9 nuclease is known to contain two subdomains: the HNH nuclease subdomain and the RuvC subdomain. HNH subdomains cleave the chain that is complementary to gRNA, whereas the RuvC subdomain cleaves the non-complementary chain. Mutations in these subdomains can inactivate Cas9 nuclease to form “nuclease-inactivated Cas9”. The nuclease-inactivated Cas9 retains DNA binding capacity directed by gRNA. Thus, in principle, when fused with an additional protein, the nuclease-inactivated Cas9 can simply target said additional protein to almost any DNA sequence through co-expression with appropriate guide RNA.

Cytidine deaminase can catalyze the deamination of cytidine (C) in DNA to form uracil (U). If nuclease-inactivated Cas9 is fused with Cytidine deaminase, the fusion protein can target a target sequence in the genome of a plant through the direction of a guide RNA. The DNA double strand is not cleaved due to the loss of Cas9 nuclease activity, whereas the deaminase domain in the fusion protein is capable of converting the cytidine of the single-strand DNA produced during the formation of the Cas9-guide RNA-DNA complex into a U, and then C to T substitution may be achieved by base mismatch repair.

Therefore, in some embodiments of the invention, the deaminase is a cytidine deaminase, such as an apolipoprotein B mRNA editing complex (APOBEC) family deaminase Particularly, the deaminase described herein is a deaminase that can accept single-strand DNA as the substrate.

Examples of cytidine deaminase can be used in the present invention include but are not limited to APOBEC1 deaminase, activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), APOBEC3G or CDA 1.

In some specific embodiments of the present invention, the cytidine deaminase comprises an amino acid sequence shown in positions 9-235 of SEQ ID NO: 10 or 11.

The nuclease-inactivated Cas9 of the present invention can be derived from Cas9 of different species, for example, derived from S. pyogenes Cas9 (SpCas9, the amino acid sequence is shown in SEQ ID NO: 5). Mutations in both the HNH nuclease subdomain and the RuvC subdomain of the SpCas9 (includes, for example, D10A and H840A mutations) inactivate S. pyogenes Cas9 nuclease, resulting in a nuclease dead Cas9 (dCas9). Inactivation of one of the subdomains by mutation allows Cas9 to gain nickase activity, i.e., resulting in a Cas9 nickase (nCas9), for example, nCas9 with a D10A mutation only.

Therefore, in some embodiments of the invention, the nuclease-inactivated Cas9 of the invention comprises amino acid substitutions D10A and/or H840A relative to wild-type Cas9.

In some preferred embodiments of the invention, the nuclease-inactivated Cas9 of the invention has nickase activity. Without being bound by any theory, it is believed that Eukaryotic mismatch repair uses nicks on a DNA strand for the removal and repair of the mismatched base in the DNA strand. The U: G mismatch formed by cytidine deaminase may be repaired into C:G Through the introduction of a nick on the chain containing unedited G it will be possible to preferentially repair the U:G mismatch to the desired U:A or T:A. Therefore, preferably, the nuclease-inactivated Cas9 is a Cas9 nickase that retains the cleavage activity of the HNH subdomain of Cas9, whereas the cleavage activity of the RuvC subdomain is inactivated. For example, the nuclease-inactivated Cas9 contains an amino acid substitution D10A relative to wild-type Cas9.

In some embodiments of the present invention, the nuclease-inactivated Cas9 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:6. In some preferred embodiments, the nuclease-inactivated Cas9 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7.

In some embodiments of the invention, the deaminase domain is fused to the N-terminus of the nuclease-inactivated Cas9 domain. In some embodiments, the deaminase domain is fused to the C-terminus of the nuclease-inactivated Cas9 domain.

In some embodiments of the invention, the deaminase domain and the nuclease inactivated Cas9 domain are fused through a linker. The linker can be a non-functional amino acid sequence having no secondary or higher structure, which is 1 to 50 (for example, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, or 20-25, 25-50) or more amino acids in length. For example, the linker may be a flexible linker, such as GGGGS, GS, GAP, (GGGGS) x3, GGS, (GGS) x7, and the like. In some preferred embodiments, the linker is an XTEN linker as shown in SEQ ID NO: 8.

In cells, uracil DNA glycosylase catalyzes the removal of U from DNA and initiates base excision repair (BER), which results in the repair of U: G to C: G Therefore, without any theoretical limitation, including uracil DNA glycosylase inhibitor in the base editing fusion protein of the invention or the system of the present invention will be able to increase the efficiency of base editing.

Accordingly, in some embodiments of the invention, the base editing fusion protein further comprises a uracil DNA glycosylase inhibitor (UGI). In some embodiments, the uracil DNA glycosylase inhibitor comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 9.

In some embodiments of the invention, the base editing fusion protein of the invention further comprises a nuclear localization sequence (NLS). In general, one or more NLSs in the base editing fusion protein should have sufficient strength to drive the accumulation of the base editing fusion protein in the nucleus of a plant cell in an amount sufficient for the base editing function. In general, the strength of the nuclear localization activity is determined by the number and position of NLSs, and one or more specific NLSs used in the base editing fusion protein, or a combination thereof

In some embodiments of the present invention, the NLSs of the base editing fusion protein of the invention may be located at the N-terminus and/or the C-terminus. In some embodiments, the base editing fusion protein comprises about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more NLSs. In some embodiments, the base editing fusion protein comprises about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more NLSs at or near the N-terminus. In some embodiments, the base-editing fusion protein comprises about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more NLSs at or near the C-terminus. In some embodiments, the base editing fusion protein comprises a combination of these, such as one or more NLSs at the N-terminus and one or more NLSs at the C-terminus. Where there are more than one NLS, each NLS may be selected as independent from other NLSs. In some preferred embodiments of the invention, the base-editing fusion protein comprises two NLSs, for example, the two NLSs are located at the N-terminus and the C-terminus, respectively.

In general, NLS consists of one or more short sequences of positively charged lysine or arginine exposed on the surface of a protein, but other types of NLS are also known in the art. Non-limiting examples of NLSs include KKRKV(nucleotide sequence 5′-AAGAAGAGAAAGGTC-3′), PKKKRKV(nucleotide sequence 5′-CCCAAGAAGAAGAGGAAGGTG-3′ or CCAAAGAAGAAGAGGAAGGTT) , or SGGSPKKKRKV(nucleotide sequence 5′- TCGGGGGGGAGCCCAAAGAAGAAGCGGAAGGTG -3′).

In some embodiments of the invention, the N-terminus of the base editing fusion protein comprises an NLS with an amino acid sequence shown by PKKKRKV. In some embodiments of the invention, the C-terminus of the base-editing fusion protein comprises an NLS with an amino acid sequence shown by SGGSPKKKRKV.

In addition, the base editing fusion protein of the present invention may also include other localization sequences, such as cytoplasmic localization sequences, chloroplast localization sequences, mitochondrial localization sequences, and the like, depending on the location of the DNA to be edited.

In some embodiments of the present invention, the base editing fusion protein comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 10 or 11.

In order to obtain efficient expression in plants, in some embodiments of the invention, the nucleotide sequence encoding the base editing fusion protein is codon optimized for the plant to be base edited.

Codon optimization refers to a process of modifying a nucleic acid sequence for enhanced expression in the host cells of interest by replacing at least one codon (e.g. about or more than about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 50, or more codons) of the native sequence with codons that are more frequently or most frequently used in the genes of that host cell while maintaining the native amino acid sequence. Various species exhibit particular bias for certain codons of a particular amino acid. Codon bias (differences in codon usage between organisms) often correlates with the efficiency of translation of messenger RNA (mRNA), which is in turn believed to be dependent on, among other things, the properties of the codons being translated and the availability of particular transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules. The predominance of selected tRNAs in a cell is generally a reflection of the codons used most frequently in peptide synthesis. Accordingly, genes can be tailored for optimal gene expression in a given organism based on codon optimization. Codon usage tables are readily available, for example, at the“Codon Usage Database” available at www.kazusa.orjp/codon/ and these tables can be adapted in a number of ways. See Nakamura, Y, et al.“Codon usage tabulated from the international DNA sequence databases: status for the year 2000” Nucl. Acids Res. 28:292 (2000).

In some embodiments of the invention, the codon-optimized nucleotide sequence encoding the base editing fusion protein is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 12 or 13.

In some embodiments of the invention, the guide RNA is a single guide RNA (sgRNA). Methods of constructing suitable sgRNAs according to a given target sequence are known in the art. See e.g.,Wang, Y. et al. Simultaneous editing of three homoeoalleles in hexaploid bread wheat confers heritable resistance to powdery mildew. Nat. Biotechnol. 32, 947-951 (2014); Shan, Q. et al. Targeted genome modification of crop plants using a CRISPR-Cas system. Nat. Biotechnol. 31, 686-688 (2013); Liang, Z. et al. Targeted mutagenesis in Zea mays using TALENs and the CRISPR/Cas system. J Genet Genomics. 41, 63-68 (2014).

In some embodiments of the invention, the nucleotide sequence encoding the base-editing fusion protein and/or the nucleotide sequence encoding the guide RNA is operably linked to a plant expression regulatory element, such as a promoter.

Examples of promoters that can be used in the present invention include but not limited to the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter (Odell et al. (1985) Nature 313: 810-812), a maize Ubi-1 promoter, a wheat U6 promoter, a rice U3 promoter, a maize U3 promoter, a rice actin promoter, a TrpPro5 promoter (U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/377,318; filed on Mar. 16, 2005), a pEMU promoter (Last et al. Theor. Appl. Genet. 81: 581-588), a MAS promoter (Velten et al. (1984) EMBO J. 3: 2723-2730), a maize H3 histone promoter (Lepetit et al. Mol. Gen. Genet. 231: 276-285 and Atanassova et al. (1992) Plant J. 2 (3): 291-300), and a Brassica napus ALS3 (PCT Application WO 97/41228) promoters. Promoters that can be used in the present invention also include the commonly used tissue specific promoters as reviewed in Moore et al. (2006) Plant J. 45 (4): 651-683.

III. Method for Producing Herbicide-Resistant Plants by Base Editing

In another aspect, the present invention provides a method for producing a herbicide-resistant plant, comprising introducing into the plant a system of the present invention for base-editing a herbicide resistance-related gene in the plant genome, thereby the guide RNA targets the base-editing fusion protein to a target sequence of a herbicide resistance-related gene in the plant, resulting in one or more nucleotide substitutions in the target sequence.

In some embodiments, the method further comprises the step of screening the plants for herbicide resistance.

In some embodiments, the herbicide resistance-related gene encodes a herbicide resistance-related protein. In some embodiments of the present invention, herbicide resistance-related proteins include, but are not limited to, PsbA (resistant to atrazine, etc.), ALS (resistant to sulfonylurea, Imidazolidinone, etc.), EPSPS (resistant to glyphosate), ACCase (resistant to sethoxydim, etc.), PPO (resistant to carfentrazone-ethyl etc.) and HPPD (resistant to mesotrione etc.), PDS (resistant to diflufenican etc.), GS (target of herbicides such as glufosinate), DOXPS (target of herbicides such as clomazone), P450 (involved in the degradation of herbicides).

In some embodiments, the nucleotide substitution is a C to T substitution. In some embodiments, the nucleotide substitution is a C to A or C to G substitution. In some embodiments, the nucleotide substitution in located in the non-coding region in the herbicide resistance related gene, such as expression regulation regions. In some embodiments, the nucleotide substitution results in amino acid substitution in the herbicide resistance protein encoded by the gene. In some embodiments, the nucleotide substitution and/or amino acid substitution confer herbicide resistance to the plant.

In some embodiments of the present invention, the nucleotide substitution and/or amino acid substitution that confer herbicide resistance to a plant may be any known substitution that confers herbicide resistance to a plant in a herbicide resistance-related gene. By the method of the present invention, single mutations, double mutations or multiple mutations capable of conferring herbicide resistance can be created in situ in plants without the need of transgene. The mutations may be known in the art or may be newly identified by the methods of the present invention.

The present invention provides a method for producing a herbicide-resistant plant, comprising modifying the ALS gene in a plant by the base-editing method of the present invention, resulting in one or more amino acid mutations in the ALS which confer herbicide resistance to the plant. In some embodiments, the amino acid mutation is selected from A122T, P197S, P197L, P197F, R198C, D204N, A205T, D204N+A205T, G654K, G655D, G655S, G655N, G654K+G655D, G654K+G655S, G654K+G655N, G659N, P197S, P197L, P197F, D204N, A205T, D204N+A205T, G654D, G654S, G654N, G655D, G655S, G655N, G654D+G655D, G654D+G655S, G654D+G655N, G654S+G655D, G654S+G655S, G654S+G655N, G654N+G655D, G654N+G655S, G654N+G655N, A122T, or any combination thereof, wherein the amino acid position refers to SEQ ID No: 2 (amino acid sequence of ALS in Arabidopsis thaliana, Genbank accession NO: NP 190425). In some specific embodiments, the amino acid mutation is selected from P197A, P197F, P197S, P197Y, P197F+R198C, G654E+G655S, G654K+G655S, G654E+G659N, P197F+G654E+G655S, or any combination thereof, wherein wherein the amino acid position refers to SEQ ID No: 2 (amino acid sequence of ALS in Arabidopsis thaliana, Genbank accession NO: NP_190425).

Thus, in some embodiments, the guide RNA targets a target sequence comprising a sequence encoding amino acid(s) selected from the group consisting of A122, P197, R198, D204, A205, G654, G655, G659 or any combination thereof, wherein the amino acid position refers to SEQ. ID No: 2 (amino acid sequence of ALS in Arabidopsis thaliana, Genbank accession NO: NP_190425).

In some embodiments, the ALS is rice ALS and its wild-type sequence is shown in SEQ ID No:16. In some embodiments, the ALS is wheat ALS and the wild-type sequence thereof is shown in SEQ ID No: 17 (partial sequence, genbank ID: AAO53548.1).

The present invention provides a method for producing a herbicide-resistant plant, comprising modifying a PsbA gene in a plant by the base editing method of the present invention, resulting in one or more amino acid mutations in PsbA which confer herbicide resistance to the plant.

The present invention provides a method for producing a herbicide-resistant plant, comprising modifying the EPSPS gene in a plant by the base-editing method of the present invention, resulting in one or more amino acid mutaions in the EPSPS which confer herbicide resistance to the plant. In some embodiments, the amino acid mutation is selected from the group consisting of T102I, A103V, T102I+A103V, wherein the amino acid position refers to SEQ ID No: 4 (Wheat A genome EPSPS amino acid sequence, Genbank accession NO: ALK27163).

Therefore, in some embodiments, the guide RNA targets a target sequence comprising a sequence encoding amino acid(s) selected from the group consisting of T102 and/or A103, wherein the amino acid positions refer to SEQ ID No:4.

The present invention provides a method for producing a herbicide-resistant plant, comprising modifying the ACCase gene in a plant by the base editing method of the present invention, resulting in one or more amino acid mutaions in the ACCase which confer herbicide resistance to the plant. In some embodiments, the amino acid mutation is selected from S1768F, R1793K, A1794T, R1793K+A1794T, R1825H, D1827N, R1825H+D1827N, L1815F, A1816V, R1817Stop, L1815F+R1817Stop, A1816V+R1817Stop, L1815F+A1816V, L1815F, A1816V,+R1817Stop, A1837V, G1854D, G1855D, G1855S, G1854N, G1854D+G1855D, G1854D+G1855S, G1854D+G1855N, D1971N, D1972N, D1971N+D1972N, G1983D, P1993S, P1993L, P1993F, R1994C, P1993S+R1994C, P1993L+R1994C, P1993F+R1994C, S2003F, A2004V, T2005I, S2003F+A2004V, S2003F+T2005I, A2004V+T2005I, T2007I, A2008V, T2007I+A2008V, R2028K, W2027C, G2029D, G2029S, G2029N, R2028K+G2029D, R2028K+G2029S, R2028K+G2029N, T20471, R2070Q, G2071R, R2070Q+G2071R, A2090T, E2091K, A2090T+E2091K, A2090V, E2106K, S2119N, R2220Q, S2119N+R2220Q, A1813V, R1793K, A1794T, R1793K+A1794T, E1796K, E1797K, E1796K+E1797K, T1800M, L1801F, T1800M+L1801F, A1813V, G1854D, G1854S, G1854N, G1855D, G1855S, G1855N, G1854D+G1855D, G1854D+G1855S, G1854D+G1855N, G1854S+G1855D, G1854S+G1855S, G1854S+G1855N, G1854N+G1855D, G1854N+G1855S, G1854N+G1855N, S1849F, H1850Y, S1849F+H1850Y, D1874N, D1875N, D1874N+D1875N, R2028K, G2029D, G2029S, G2029N, R2028K+G2029D, R2028K+G2029S, R2028K+G2029N, L2024F, T2047I, R2070C, A2090V, G1983D, E1989K, R1990Q, E1989K+R1990Q, P1993S, P1993L, P1993F, R1994C, P1993S+R1994C, P1993L+R1994C, P1993F+R1994C, T2007I, A2008V, T2007I+A2008V, S2003L, A2004V, T2005I, S2003L+A2004V, S2003L+T2005I, A2004V+T2005I, S2003L, A2004V+T2005I, L2099F, E2106K, R2220K, G2119D, R2220K+G2119D, or any combination thereof, wherein the amino acid position refers to SEQ ID NO:1 (Alopecurus myosuroides ACCase amino acid sequence, GenBank accession NO. CAC84161.1). In some embodiments, the amino acid mutation is selected from W2027C, W2027C+R2028K, wherein the amino acid position refers to SEQ ID NO:1 (Alopecurus myosuroides ACCase amino acid sequence, GenBank accession NO. CAC84161.1).

Therefore, in some embodiments, the guide RNA targets a target sequence comprising a sequence encoding amino acid(s) selected from the group consisting of S1768, R1793, A1794, R1825, D1827, L1815, A1816, R1817, A1837, G1854, G1855, D1971, D1972, G1983, P1993, R1994, S2003, A2004, T2005, T2007, A2008, S2028, G2029, T2047, R2070, G2071, A2090, E2091, E2106, S2119, R2220, A1813, E1796, E1797, T1800, L1801, S1849, H1850, D1874, D1875, L2024, E1989, R1990, L2099, or any combination thereof, wherein the amino acid position refers to SEQ ID No:1.

In some embodiments, the ACCase is rice ACCase and the wild-type sequence thereof is shown in SEQ ID No: 14 (genbank ID: B9FK36). In some embodiments, the ACCase is wheat ACCase and the wild-type sequence thereof is shown in SEQ ID No: 15 (genbank ID: ACD46684.1).

The present invention provides a method for producing a herbicide-resistant plant, comprising modifying a PPO gene in a plant by the base editing method of the present invention, resulting in one or more amino acid mutaions in the PPO which confer herbicide resistance to the plant.

The present invention provides a method for producing a herbicide-resistant plant, comprising modifying a HPPD gene in a plant by the base editing method of the present invention, resulting in one or more amino acid mutaions in HPPD which confer herbicide resistance to the plant. In some embodiments, the amino acid mutation is selected from P277S, P277L, V364M, C413Y, G414D, G414S, G414N, G415E, G415R, G415K, G414D+G415E, G414D+G415R, G414D+G415K, G414S+G415E, G414S+G415R, G414S+G415K, G414N+G415E, G414N+G415R, G414N+G415K, C413Y+G415E, C413Y+G415R, C413Y +G415K, C413Y +G414D, C413Y+G414S, C413Y+G414N, C413Y+G414D+G415E, C413Y+G414D+G415R, C413Y+G414D+G415K, C413Y+G414S+G415E, C413Y+G414S+G415R, C413Y+G414S+G415K, C413Y+G414N+G415E, C413Y+G414N+G415R, C413Y+G414N+G415K, P277S, P277L, V366I, C413Y, G414D, G414S, G414N, G415E, G415R, G415K, G414D+G415E, G414D+G415R, G414D+G415K, G414S+G415E, G414S+G415R, G414S+G415K, G414N+G415E, G414N+G415R, G414N+G415K, C413Y +G415E, C413Y+G415R, C413Y+G415K, C413Y+G414D, C413Y+G414S, C413Y+G414N, C413Y+G414D+G415E, C413Y+G414D+G415R, C413Y+G414D+G415K, C413Y+G414S+G415E, C413Y+G414S+G415R, C413Y+G414S+G415K, C413Y+G414N+G415E, C413Y+G414N+G415R, C413Y+G414N+G415K, or any combination thereof, wherein the amino acid position refers to SEQ ID NO:3 (Rice HPPD amino acid sequence, GenbankAccession NO: XP_015626163).

Thus, in some embodiments, the guide RNA targets a target sequence comprising a sequence coding amino acid(s) selected from the group consisting of P277, V364, C413, G414, G415, V366, or any combination thereof, wherein the amino acid positions refer to SEQ ID No: 3.

The design of the target sequence that can be recognized and targeted by a Cas9 and guide RNA complex is within the technical skills of one of ordinary skill in the art. In general, the target sequence is a sequence that is complementary to a leader sequence of about 20 nucleotides comprised in guide RNA, and the 3′-end of which is immediately adjacent to the protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) NGG.

For example, in some embodiments of the invention, the target sequence has the structure: 5′-Nx-NGG-3′, wherein N is selected independently from A, G C, and T; X is an integer of 14≤X≤30; Nx represents X contiguous nucleotides, and NGG is a PAM sequence. In some specific embodiments of the invention, X is 20.

In some embodiments, the guide RNA targets one or more of SEQ ID NOs: 19-78.

The base editing system of the present invention has a broad deamination window in plants, for example, a deamination window with a length of 7 nucleotides. In some embodiments of the methods of the invention, one or more C bases within positions 3 to 9 of the target sequence are substituted with Ts. For example, if present, any one, two, three, four, five, six, or seven Cs within positions 3 to 9 in the target sequence can be replaced with Ts. For example, if there are four Cs within positions 3 to 9 of the target sequence, any one, two, three, four Cs can be replaced by Ts. The C bases may be contiguous or separated by other nucleotides. Therefore, if there are multiple Cs in the target sequence, a variety of mutation combinations can be obtained by the method of the present invention.

In some embodiments of the methods of the invention, further comprises screening plants having the desired nucleotide substitutions. Nucleotide substitutions in plants can be detected by T7EI, PCR/RE or sequencing methods, see e.g., Shan, Q., Wang, Y, Li, J. & Gao, C. Genome editing in rice and wheat using the CRISPR/Cas system. Nat. Protoc. 9, 2395-2410 (2014).

In the methods of the invention, the base editing system can be introduced into plants by various methods well known to people skilled in the art. Methods that can be used to introduce the base editing system of the present invention into plants include but not limited to particle bombardment, PEG-mediated protoplast transformation, Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, plant virus-mediated transformation, pollen tube approach, and ovary injection approach. In some embodiments, the base editing system is introduced into plants by transient transformation.

In the methods of the present invention, modification of the target sequence can be accomplished simply by introducing or producing the base editing fusion protein and guide RNA in plant cells, and the modification can be stably inherited without the need of stably transformation of plants with the base editing system. This avoids potential off-target effects of a stable base editing system, and also avoids the integration of exogenous nucleotide sequences into the plant genome, and thereby resulting in higher biosafety.

In some preferred embodiments, the introduction is performed in the absence of a selective pressure, thereby avoiding the integration of exogenous nucleotide sequences in the plant genome.

In some embodiments, the introduction comprises transforming the base editing system of the invention into isolated plant cells or tissues, and then regenerating the transformed plant cells or tissues into an intact plant. Preferably, the regeneration is performed in the absence of a selective pressure, i.e., no selective agent against the selective gene carried on the expression vector is used during the tissue culture. Without the use of a selective agent, the regeneration efficiency of the plant can be increased to obtain a modified plant that does not contain exogenous nucleotide sequences.

In other embodiments, the base editing system of the present invention can be transformed to a particular site on an intact plant, such as leaf, shoot tip, pollen tube, young ear, or hypocotyl. This is particularly suitable for the transformation of plants that are difficult to regenerate by tissue culture.

In some embodiments of the invention, proteins expressed in vitro and/or RNA molecules transcribed in vitro are directly transformed into the plant. The proteins and/or RNA molecules are capable of achieving base-editing in plant cells, and are subsequently degraded by the cells to avoid the integration of exogenous nucleotide sequences into the plant genome.

Thus, in some embodiments, the herbicide-resistant plant is transgene-free.

Plants that can be used in the methods of the invention include monocotyledons and dicotyledons. For example, the plant may be a crop plant such as wheat, rice, corn, soybean, sunflower, sorghum, canola, alfalfa, cotton, barley, millet, sugarcane, tomato, tobacco, tapioca, or potato. The plant may also be a vegetable crop including, but not limited to, cabbage, kale, cucumber, tomato. The plant may also be a flower crop including but not limited to carnations, peony, roses and the like. The plant may also be a fruit crop including but not limited to watermelon, melon, strawberry, blueberry, grape, apple, citrus, peach. The plant may also be a Chinese medical herbal, including but not limited to Radix isatidis, licorice, ginseng, and Saposhnikovia divaricata. The plant can also be Arabidopsis thaliana.

In some embodiments of the invention, the method further comprises obtaining progeny of the herbicide-resistant plant.

In another aspect, the present invention also provides a herbicide-resistant plant or progeny or parts thereof, wherein the plant is obtained by the above-described method of the present invention. In some embodiments, the herbicide-resistant plant is transgene-free.

In another aspect, the present invention also provides a plant breeding method, comprising crossing a first herbicide-resistant plant obtained by the above-described method of the present invention with a second plant having no herbicide resistance, and thereby introducing the herbicide resistance into the second plant.

The present invention also encompasses the herbicide-resistant plant or progeny thereof obtained by the method of the present invention.

IV. Identifying Variants of Herbicide Resistance Related Proteins

By the method of the present invention, a large number of mutants of herbicide resistance-related genes can be easily obtained by targeted base modification of herbicide resistance-related genes, and then novel herbicide resistance mutations can be identified through resistance screening.

Thus, the present invention also provides a method of identifying a variant of a herbicide resistance related protein that is capable of conferring herbicide resistance to a plant, said method comprising:

i) generating a herbicide-resistant plant by the method of the above Section III; and

ii) determining the sequence of the herbicide resistance related gene and/or the encoded herbicide resistance related protein in the resulting herbicide resistant plant, thereby identifying the sequence of the variant.

V. Herbicide Resistance Related Protein Variants, Nucleic Acids, Expression Constructs and uses Thereof

The present invention also provides a variant of a herbicide resistance-related protein, which is identified by the method according to the above Section IV of the present invention.

The present invention also provides a plant ACCase variant, compared with wildtype ACCase, said ACCase variant comprises amino acid mutation at one of more positions selected from 1768, 1793, 1796, 1797, 1794, 1800, 1801, 1813, 1813, 1815, 1825, 1827, 1815, 1816, 1817, 1837, 1838, 1849, 1850, 1854, 1855, 1874, 1875, 1971, 1872, 1983, 1989, 1990, 1993, 1994, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2024, 2027, 2028, 2029, 2047, 2070, 2071, 2090, 2091, 2090, 2106, 2099, 2106, 2119, 2220, wherein the amino acid position refers to SEQ ID NO:1, said variant confers herbicide resistance to the plant. In some embodiments, the amino acid mutation is selected from S1768F, R1793K, A1794T, R1793K+A1794T, R1825H, D1827N, R1825H+D1827N, L1815F, A1816V, R1817Stop, L1815F+R1817Stop, A1816V+R1817Stop, L1815F+A1816V, L1815F, A1816V,+R1817Stop, A1837V, G1854D, G1855D, G1855S, G1854N, G1854D+G1855D, G1854D+G1855S, G1854D+G1855N, D1971N, D1972N, D1971N+D1972N, G1983D, P1993S, P1993L, P1993F, R1994C, P1993S+R1994C, P1993L+R1994C, P1993F+R1994C, S2003F, A2004V, T2005I, S2003F+A2004V, S2003F+T2005I, A2004V+T2005I, T2007I, A2008V, T2007I+A2008V, R2028K, G2029D, G2029S, G2029N, R2028K+G2029D, R2028K+G2029S, R2028K+G2029N, T2047I, R2070Q, G2071R, R2070Q+G2071R, A2090T, E2091K, A2090T+E2091K, A2090V, E2106K, S2119N, R2220Q, S2119N+R2220Q, A1813V, R1793K, A1794T, R1793K+A1794I, E1796K, E1797K, E1796K+E1797K, T1800M, L1801F, T1800M+L1801F, A1813V, G1854D, G1854S, G1854N, G1855D, G1855S, G1855N, G1854D+G1855D, G1854D+G1855S, G1854D+G1855N, G1854S+G1855D, G1854S+G1855S, G1854S+G1855N, G1854N+G1855D, G1854N+G1855S, G1854N+G1855N, S1849F, H1850Y, S1849F+H1850Y, D1874N, D1875N, D1874N+D1875N, W2027C, R2028K, W2027C+R2028K, G2029D, G2029S, G2029N, R2028K+G2029D, R2028K+G2029S, R2028K+G2029N, L2024F, T2047I, R2070C, A2090V, G1983D, E1989K, R1990Q, E1989K+R1990Q, P1993S, P1993L, P1993F, R1994C, P1993S+R1994C, P1993L+R1994C, P1993F+R1994C, T2007I, A2008V, T2007I+A2008V, S2003L, A2004V, T2005I, S2003L+A2004V, S2003L+T2005I, A2004V+T2005I, S2003L, A2004V+T2005I, L2099F, E2106K, R2220K, G2119D, R2220K+G2119D, or any combination thereof, wherein the amino acid position refers to SEQ ID NO: 1. In some specific embodiments, the amino acid mutation is selected from W2027C, W2027C+R2028K, wherein the amino acid position refers to SEQ ID NO:1.

In some embodiments, the ACCase is rice ACCase and the wild-type sequence thereof is shown in SEQ ID No: 14 (genbank ID: B9FK36). In some embodiments, the ACCase is wheat ACCase and the wild-type sequence thereof is shown in SEQ ID No: 15 (genbank ID: ACD46684.1).

Expression of such variant enables plants (such as rice, maize, wheat and other monocotyledonous plants) to obtain single resistance (resistance to one herbicide) or cross-resistance (resistant to two or more herbicides) to cyclohexenone herbicides (such as clethodim), aryloxyphenoxypropionic acid herbicides (such as haloxyfop-P-methyl), phenylpyrazoline herbicides (such as oxazoline) and other ACCase inhibitor herbicides. The ACCase is a key enzyme in the plant's fatty acid synthetic pathway, and inhibition of its activity ultimately leads to plant death due to fatty acid deficiency.

The present invention also provides a plant ALS variant, compared with wildtype ALS, said ALSvariant comprises amino acid mutation at one of more positions selected from 122, 197, 204, 205, 653, 654, 655, 659, wherein the amino acid position refers to SEQ ID NO:2, said variant confers herbicide resistance to the plant. In some specific embodiments, the amino acid mutation is selected from A122T, P197A, P197Y, P197S, P197L, P197F, D204N, A205T, D204N+A205T, E654K, G655D, G655S, G655N, E654K+G655D, E654K+G655S, E654K+G655N, G659N, P197S, P197L, P197F, D204N, A205T, D204N+A205T, G654D, G654S, G654N, G655D, G655S, G655N, G654D+G655D, G654D+G655S, G654D+G655N, G654S+G655D, G654S+G655S, G654S+G655N, G654N+G655D, G654N+G655S, G654N+G655N, A122T, or any combination thereof, wherein the amino acid position refers to SEQ ID NO:2. In some specific embodiments, the amino acid mutation is selected from P197A, P197F, P197S, P197Y, P197F+R198C, G654E+G655S, G654K+G655S, G654E+G659N, P197F+G654E+G655S, or any combination thereof, wherein the amino acid position refers to SEQ ID NO:2.

In some embodiments, the ALS is rice ALS and its wild-type sequence is shown in SEQ ID No:16. In some embodiments, the ALS is wheat ALS and the wild-type sequence thereof is shown in SEQ ID No: 17 (partial sequence, genbank ID: AAO53548.1).

Expression of such variant can enable plants (eg, monocotyledonous plants such as rice, maize, wheat, etc., and dicots such as soybean, cotton, canola, and sunflower) to have higher levels of herbicide resistance to one or more of the following herbicides: imidazolinone herbicides (such as imazameth), sulfonylurea herbicides (such as nicosulfuron), triazolinone herbicides (such as, flucarbazone-sodium), triazolopyrimidine herbicides (eg, penoxsulam), pyrimidine salicylate herbicides (eg bispyribac-sodium). ALS is a key enzyme in the synthesis of branched-chain amino acids in plants, and inhibition of its activity ultimately results in the plant's death due to the lack of branched-chain amino acids.

The present invention also provides a plant HPPDvariant, compared with wildtype HPPD, said HPPDcomprises amino acid mutation at one of more positions selected from 277, 364, 366, 413, 414, 415, wherein the amino acid position refers to SEQ ID NO:3, said variant confers herbicide resistance to the plant. In some specific embodiments, the amino acid mutation is selected from P277S, P277L, V364M, C413Y, G414D, G414S, G414N, G415E, G415R, G415K, G414D+G415E, G414D+G415R, G414D+G415K, G414S+G415E, G414S+G415R, G414S+G415K, G414N+G415E, G414N+G415R, G414N+G415K, C413Y +G415E, C413Y+G415R, C413Y+G415K, C413Y+G414D, C413Y+G414S, C413Y +G414N, C413Y+G414D+G415E, C413Y+G414D+G415R, C413Y+G414D+G415K, C413Y+G414S+G415E, C413Y+G414S+G415R, C413Y+G414S+G415K, C413Y+G414N+G415E, C413Y+G414N+G415R, C413Y+G414N+G415K, P277S, P277L, V3661, C413Y, G414D, G414S, G414N, G415E, G415R, G415K, G414D+G415E, G414D+G415R, G414D+G415K, G414S+G415E, G414S+G415R, G414S+G415K, G414N+G415E, G414N+G415R, G414N+G415K, C413Y+G415E, C413Y+G415R, C413Y+G415K, C413Y+G414D, C413Y+G414S, C413Y+G414N, C413Y+G414D+G415E, C413Y+G414D+G415R, C413Y+G414D+G415K, C413Y+G414S+G415E, C413Y+G4145+G415R, C413Y+G414S+G415K, C413Y+G414N+G415E, C413Y+G414N+G415R, C413Y+G414N+G415K, or any combination thereof

In some embodiments, the HPPD is rice HPPD, and the wild-type sequence thereof is shown in SEQ ID No:3. In some embodiments, the HPPD is wheat HPPD, and the wild-type sequence thereof is shown in SEQ ID No:18.

Expression of such variant can enable plants (eg, monocotyledonous plants such as rice, maize, wheat, etc., dicots such as soybean, cotton, rapeseed, sunflower, etc.) to obtain higher level of resistance to one or more HPPD inhibitor herbicides (eg, mesotrione, topramezone). HPPD is a key enzyme of chlorophyll synthesis pathway in plants Inhibition of the activity of HPPD ultimately leads to the chlorosis and death of plants.

The present invention also provides a plant EPSPS variant, compared with wildtype EPSPS, said EPSPS comprises amino acid mutation at one of more positions selected from 102 and 103, wherein the amino acid position refers to SEQ ID NO:4, said variant confers herbicide resistance to the plant. In some embodiments, the amino acid mutation is selected from the group consisting of T1021, A103V, T102I+A103V. The EPSPS enzyme is a key enzyme in the synthesis of aromatic amino acids in plants, and inhibition of its activity ultimately leads to the plant's death due to the lack of aromatic amino acids.

In some embodiments, the EPSPS is wheat EPSPS, and its wild-type sequence is shown in SEQ ID No:4.

The expression of such variant can significantly increase the resistance to glyphosate in plants (eg, monocotyledons such as rice, maize, wheat, etc., and dicotyledons such as soybean, cotton, rapeseed, and sunflower).

In some embodiments, the variants of the present invention also comprise other amino acid mutations known in the art that are capable of conferring herbicide resistance to the plant.

The invention also provides an isolated nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a variant of the invention.

The invention also provides an expression cassette comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a variant of the invention operably linked to a regulatory sequence.

The invention also provides an expression construct comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a variant of the invention, said nucleotide sequence operably linked to a regulatory sequence.

The invention also provides use of the variants, the isolated nucleic acids, expression cassettes and expression constructs of the invention in the generation of herbicide-resistant plants.

The present invention also provides a method of producing a herbicide-resistant plant, comprising introducing the isolated nucleic acid of the present invention, the expression cassette of the present invention, and/or the expression construct of the present invention into a plant.

The invention also provides a herbicide-resistant plant that comprises or is transformed by an expression cassette of the invention. The present invention also covers the progeny of the herbicide-resistant plants.

The plants include monocotyledons and dicotyledons. For example, the plant may be a crop plant such as wheat, rice, corn, soybean, sunflower, sorghum, canola, alfalfa, cotton, barley, millet, sugarcane, tomato, tobacco, tapioca, or potato. The plant may also be a vegetable crop including, but not limited to, cabbage, kale, cucumber, tomato. The plant may also be a flower crop including but not limited to carnations, peony, roses and the like. The plant may also be a fruit crop including but not limited to watermelon, melon, strawberry, blueberry, grape, apple, citrus, peach. The plant may also be a Chinese medical herbal, including but not limited to Radix isatidis, licorice, ginseng, and Saposhnikovia divaricata. The plant can also be Arabidopsis thaliana.

EXAMPLE Example 1. Construction of Base Editing Vectors

In this example, base editing vectors for herbicide resistance-related genes such as ALS, ACCase, EPSPS, and HPPD for different crops were constructed.

Rice:

According to Yuan Zong (Zong, Y. et al. Precise base editing in rice, wheat and maize with a Cas9-cytidine deaminase fusion. Nat. Biotechnol. 2017, doi: 10.1038/nbt.3811), base editing vectors targeting OsALS, OsACCase, and OsHPPD genes were constructed using pH-nCas9- PBE construct. Among them, 4 target single sites in OsALS (R1-R4), 3 target double sites of OsALS gene (R25-R27), and 20 target single sites of OsACCase gene (R5-R24), 4 target single sites of OsHPPD (R28-R30). The sgRNA target sequences in the experiment are shown in Table 1. Potential resistance mutations are shown in Table 3.

TABLE 1 Rice ALS gene and sgRNA target sequences Targeted SEQ gene target sequence ID NO: R1 OsALS CCTACCCGGGCGGCGCGTCCATG 19 R2 OsALS CAGGTCCCCCGCCGCATGATCGG 20 R3 OsALS CCGCATGATCGGCACCGACGCCT 21 R4 OsALS CCTATGATCCCAAGTGGGGGCGC 22 R5 OsACCase TATTGATTCTGTTGTGGGCAAGG 23 R6 OsACCase CCAGTGCTTATTCTAGGGCATAT 24 R7 OsACCase CCGGTGCATACAGCGTCTTGACC 25 R8 OsACCase ATCTTGCTCGACTTGGCATCCGG 26 R9 OsACCase TCTGCACTGAACPAGCTTCTTGG 27 R10 OsACCase CCACATGCAGTTGGGTGGTCCCA 28 R11 OsACCase CCATCTTACTGTTTCAGATGACC 29 R12 OsACCase CCCTGCTGACCCTGGTCAGCTTG 30 R13 OsACCase TTCCTCGTGCTGGACAAGTGTGG 31 R14 OsACCase TTCTGCAACCAAGACTGCGCAGG 32 R15 OsACCase CAAGACTGCGCAGGCATTGCTGG 33 R16 OsACCase CCTCGCTAACTGGAGAGGCTTCT 34 R17 OsACCase CGACTATTGTTGAGAACCTTAGG 35 R18 OsACCase CCATGGCTGCAGAGCTACGAGGA 36 R19 OsACCase CCGCATTGAGTGCTATGCTGAGA 37 R20 OsACCase TATGCTGAGAGGACTGCAAAAGG 38 R21 OsACCase CCGCAAGGGTTAATTGAGATCAA 39 R22 OsACCase GCAATGTTCTGGAACCGCAAGGG 40 R23 OsACCase CCAGGATTGCATGAGTCGGCTTG 41 R24 OsACCase GGAGCTTATCTTGCTCGACTTGG 42 R25 OsALS CAGGTCCCCCGCCGCATGATCGG 43 CCTACCCGGGCGGCGCGTCCATG R26 OsALS CAGGTCCCCCGCCGCATGATCGG 44 CCGCATGATCGGCACCGACGCCT R27 OsALS CAGGTCCCCCGCCGCATGATCGG 45 CCTATGATCCCAAGTGGGGGCGC R28 OsHPPD GCTGCTGCCGCTCAACGAGCCGG 46 R29 OsHPPD CCAGGAGCTCGGGGTGCTCGTGG 47 R30 OsHPPD CCAGAAGGGCGGCTGCGGCGGGT 48 PAM was underlined

Wheat:

According to Yuan Zong (Zong, Y. et al. Precise base editing in rice, wheat and maize with a Cas9- cytidine deaminase fusion. Nat. Biotechnol. 2017, doi:10.1038/nbt.3811), base editing vectors targeting TaALS, TaACCase, TaEPSPS and TaHPPD gene were constructed using pTaU6. Among them, 4 target single sites in TaALS gene (W1-W3, W16), 3 target double sites in TaALS gene (W31-W33), 20 target single sites of TaACCase gene (W4-W15, W17-W24), 3 target single sites of TaEPSPS gene (W25-W27) and 3 target single sites of TaHPPD gene (W28-W30), and 1 targets double-sites of TaALS and TaACCase genes simultaneously (W34). The sgRNA target sequences in the experiment are shown in Table 2. Potential resistance mutations are shown in Table 4.

TABLE2 Wheat target genes and sgRNA target sequences Targeted SEQ gene target sequence ID NO: W1 TaALS CAGGTCCCCCGCCGCATGATCGG 49 W2 TaALS CCGCATGATCGGCACGGACGCGT 50 W3 TaALS CCTATGATCCCAAGCGGTGGTGC 51 W4 TaACCase CCAGTGCCTATTCTAGGGCCTAT 52 W5 TaACCase CCTATTCTAGGGCCTATGAGGAG 53 W6 TaACCase TTTACGCTTACATTTGTGACTGG 54 W7 TaACCase GGAGCATATCTTGCTCGACTTGG 55 W8 TaACCase CCCACATGCAGTTGGGTGGCCCC 56 W9 TaACCase AGCTCCCACATGCAGTTGGGTGG 57 W10 TaACCase CCATCTGACAGTTTCAGATGACC 58 W11 TaACCase CCTTGCTAACTGGAGAGGCTTCT 59 W12 TaACCase TTCATCCTTGCTAACTGGAGAGG 60 W13 TaACCase CAACAATTGTTGAGAACCTTAGG 61 W14 TaACCase AGAGCTACGTGGAGGGGCTTGGG 62 W15 TaACCase TATGCTGAGAGGACTGCAAAGGG 63 W16 TaALS CCTACCCTGGCGGCGCGTCCATG 64 W17 TaACCase CCCTGCTGATCCAGGCCAGCTTG 65 W18 TaACCase CCAGCTTGATTCCCATGAGCGGT 66 W19 TaACCase TTCCTCGTGCTGGGCAAGTCTGG 67 W20 TaACCase TAAGACAGCGCAGGCAATGCTGG 68 W21 TaACCase TTCAGCTACTAAGACAGCGCAGG 69 W22 TaACCase GTAATGTTCTTGAACCTCAAGGG 70 W23 TaACCase CCTCAAGGGTTGATTGAGATCAA 71 W24 TaACCase CCAAGAGTGCATGGGCAGGCTTG 72 W25 TaEPSPS AACTGCAATGCGGCCACTGACGG 73 W26 TaEPSPS AACTGCAATGCGTCCATTGACGG 74 W27 TaEPSPS AACTGCAATGCGGCCATTGACGG 75 W28 TaHPPD GCTGCTGCCGCTCPACGAGCCGG 76 W29 TaHPPD CCAGGAGCTGGGGGTGCTCGTCG 77 W30 TaHPPD CCAGAAGGGTGGCTGCGGCGGGT 78 W31 TaALS CAGGTCCCCCGCCGCATGATCGG CCTACCCTGGCGGCGCGTCCATG W32 TaALS CAGGTCCCCCGCCGCATGATCGG CCGCATGATCGGCACGGACGCGT W33 TaALS CAGGTCCCCCGCCGCATGATCGG CCTATGATCCCAAGCGGTGGTGC W34 TaACCase CAGGTCCCCCGCCGCATGATCGG TTCAGCTACTAAGACAGCGCAGG PAM was underlined

TABLE 3 Potential herbicide resistance mutations in rice. Rice Targeted gene target sequence mutations R1 OsALS CCTACCCGGGCGGCGCGTCCATG A122T R2 OsALS CAGGTCCCCCGCCGCATGATCGG P197S P197L P197F R3 OsALS CCGCATGATCGGCACCGACGCCT D204N A205T D204NandA205T R4 OsALS CCTATGATCCCAAGTGGGGGCGC G654K G655D G655S G655N G654KandG655D G654KandG655S G654KandG655N R5 OsACCase TATTGATTCTGTTGTGGGCAAGG S1768F R6 OsACCase CCAGTGCTTATTCTAGGGCATAT R1793K A1794K R1793KandA1794T R7 OsACCase CCGGTGCATACAGCGTCTTGACC R1825H D1827N R1825HandD1827N R8 OsACCase ATCTTGCTCGACTTGGCATCCGG L1815F A1816V R1817Stop L1815FandR1817Stop A1816VandR1817Stop L1815FandA1816V L1815F,A1816V,andR1817Stop R9 OsACCase TCTGCACTGAACAAGCTTCTTGG A1837V R10 OsACCase CCACATGCAGTTGGGTGGTCCCA G1854D G1855D G1855S G1854N G1854DandG1855D G1854DandG1855S G1854DandG1855N R11 OsACCase CCATCTTACTGTTTCAGATGACC D1971N D1972N D1971NandD1972N R12 OsACCase CCCTGCTGACCCTGGTCAGCTTG G1983D R13 OsACCase TTCCTCGTGCTGGACAAGTGTGG P1993S P1993L P1993F P1994C P1993SandR1994C P1993LandR1994C P1993FandR1994C R14 OsACCase TTCTGCAACCAAGACTGCGCAGG S2003F A2004V T2005I S2003FandA2004V S2003FandT2005I A2004VandT2005I R15 OsACCase CAAGACTGCGCAGGCATTGCTGG T2007I A2008V T2007IandA2008V R16 OsACCase CCTCGCTAACTGGAGAGGCTTCT T2028K G2029D G2029S G2029N G2028KandG2029D G2028KandG2029S G2028KandG2029N R17 OsACCase CGACTATTGTTGAGAACCTTAGG T2047I R18 OsACCase CCATGGCTGCAGAGCTACGAGGA R2070Q G2071R R2070QandG2071R R19 OsACCase CCGCATTGAGTGCTATGCTGAGA A2090T E0291K A2090TandE2091K R20 OsACCase TATGCTGAGAGGACTGCAAAAGG A2090V R21 OsACCase CCGCAAGGGTTAATTGAGATCAA E2106K R22 OsACCase GCAATGTTCTGGAACCGCAAGGG — R23 OsACCase CCAGGATTGCATGAGTCGGCTTG S2119N R2220Q S2119NandR2220Q R24 OsACCase GGAGCTTATCTTGCTCGACTTGG A1813V R25 OsALS CAGGTCCCCCGCCGCATGATCGG R2 + R1 CCTACCCGGGCGGCGCGTCCATG R26 OsALS CAGGTCCCCCGCCGCATGATCGG R2 + R3 CCGCATGATCGGCACCGACGCCT R27 OsALS CAGGTCCCCCGCCGCATGATCGG R2 + R4 CCTATGATCCCAAGTGGGGGCGC R28 OsHPPD GCTGCTGCCGCTCAACGAGCCGG P277S P277L R29 OsHPPD CCAGGAGCTCGGGGTGCTCGTGG V364M R30 OsHPPD CCAGAAGGGCGGCTGCGGCGGGT C413Y G414D G414S G414N G415E G415R G415K G414DandG415E G414EandG415R G414DandG415K G414SandG4145 G414SandG415R G414SandG415K G414NandG415E G414NandG415R G414NandG415K G413YandG415E G413YandG415R G413YandG414K G413YandG414D C413YandG414S C413YandG414N C413Y,G414DandG415E G413Y,G414DandG415R G413Y,G414DandG415K C413Y,G414SandG415E C413Y,G414SandG415R C413Y,G414SandG415K C413Y,G414NandG415E C413Y,G414NandG415R C413Y,G414NandG415K

TABLE4 Potentialherbicideresistancemutationsinwheat. Wheat Targetedgene targetsequence mutations W1 TaALS CAGGTCCCCCGCCGCATGATCGG P197S P197L P197F W2 TaALS CCGCATGATCGGCACGGACGCGT D204N A205T D24NandA205T W3 TaALS CCTATGATCCCAAGCGGTGGTGC G654D G654S G654N G544D G655S G655N G654DandG655D G654DandG655S G654DandG655N G654SandG655D G654SandG655S G654SandG655N G654NandG655D G654NandG655S G654NandG655N W4 TaACCase CCAGTGCCTATTCTAGGGCCTAT R1793K A1794T R1793KandA1794T W5 TaACCase CCTATTCTAGGGCCTATGAGGAG E1796K E1797K E1796KandE1797K W6 TaACCase TTTACGCTTACATTTGTGACTGG T1800M L1801F T1800MandL1801F W7 TaACCase GGAGCATATCTTGCTCGACTTGG A1813V W8 TaACCase CCCACATGCAGTTGGGTGGCCCC G1854D G1854S G1854N G1855D G1855S G1855N G1854DandG1855D G1854DandG1855S G1854DandG1855N G1854SandG1855D G1854SandG1855S G1854SandG1855N G1854NandG1855D G1854NandG1855S G1854NandG1855N W9 TaACCase AGCTCCCACATGCAGTTGGGTGG S1849F H1850Y S1849FandH1850Y W10 TaACCase CCATCTGACAGTTTCAGATGACC D1874N D1875N D1874NandD1875N W11 TaACCase CCTTGCTAACTGGAGAGGCTTCT R2028K G2029D G2029S G2029N G2028KandG2029D R2028KandG2029S R2028KandG2029N W12 TaACCase TTCATCCTTGCTAACTGGAGAGG L2024F W13 TaACCase CAACAATTGTTGAGAACCTTAGG T2047I W14 TaACCase AGAGCTACGTGGAGGGGCTTGGG R2070C W15 TaACCase TATGCTGAGAGGACTGCAAAGGG A2090V W16 TaALS CCTACCCTGGCGGCGCGTCCATG A122T W17 TaACCase CCCTGCTGATCCAGGCCAGCTTG G1983D W18 TaACCase CCAGCTTGATTCCCATGAGCGGT E1989K R1990Q E1989KandR1990Q W19 TaACCase TTCCTCGTGCTGGGCAAGTCTGG P1993S P1993L P1993F P1994C P1339SandR1994C P1993LandR1994C P1993FandR1994C W20 TaACCase TAAGACAGCGCAGGCAATGCTGG T1007I A2008V T2007IandA2008V W21 TaACCase TTCAGCTACTAAGACAGCGCAGG S2003L A2004V T2005I S2003LandA2004V S2003LandT2005I A2004VandT2005I S2003L,A2004VandT2005I W22 TaACCase GTAATGTTCTTGAACCTCAAGGG L2099F W23 TaACCase CCTCAAGGGTTGATTGAGATCAA E2106K W24 TaACCase CCAAGAGTGCATGGGCAGGCTTG R2220K G2119D R2220KandG2119D W25 TaACCase AACTGCAATGCGGCCACTGACGG T102I T103V T102IandA103V W26 TaEPSPS AACTGCAATGCGTCCATTGACGG T102I A103V T102IandA103V W27 TaEPSPS AACTGCAATGCGGCCATTGACGG T102I A103V T102IandA103V W28 TaHPPD GCTGCTGCCGCTCAACGAGCCGG P277S P277L W29 TaHPPD CCAGGAGCTGGGGGTGCTCGTCG V366I W30 TaHPPD CCAGAAGGGTGGCTGCGGCGGGT C413Y G414D G414S G414N G415E G415R G415K G414DandG415E G414DandG415R G414DandG415K G414SandG415E G414SandG415R G414SandG415K G414NandG415E G414NandG415R G414NandG415K C413YandG415E C413YandG415R C413YandG415K C413YandG414D C413YandG414S C413YandG414N C413Y,G414DG415E C413Y,G414DG415R C413Y,G414DG415K C413Y,G414SG415E C413Y,G414SG415R C413Y,G414SG415K C413Y,G414NG415E C413Y,G414NG415R C413Y,G414NG415K W31 TaALS CAGGTCCCCCGCCGCATGATCGG W2 + W1 CCTACCCTGGCGGCGCGTCCATG W32 TaALS CAGGTCCCCCGCCGCATGATCGG W2 + W3 CCGCATGATCGGCACGGACGCGT W33 TaALS CAGGTCCCCCGCCGCATGATCGG W2 + W4 CCTATGATCCCAAGCGGTGGTGC W34 TaALS CAGGTCCCCCGCCGCATGATCGG W2 + W4 TaACCase TTCAGCTACTAAGACAGCGCAGG W2 + W21

Example 2. Rice and Wheat Transformation

Rice (Agrobacterium transformation):

The pH-nCas9-PBE vectors were transformed into Agrobacterium strain AGL1 by electroporation. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, tissue culture and regeneration of Zhonghua 11 were performed according to Shan et al. (Shan, Q. et al. Targeted genome modification of crop plants using a CRISPR-Cas system. Nat. Biotechnol. 31, 686-688 (2013)). Hygromycin selection (50 μg/ml) was used during all subsequent tissue cultures.

Wheat (particle bombardment transformation):

Plasmid DNA (pnCas9-PBE and pTaU6 vectors were mixed in equal, respectively) was used to bombard the embryos of Kenong 199, as previously described (Zhang, K., Liu, J., Zhang, Y, Yang, Z. & Gao, C. Biolistic genetic transformation of a wide range of Chinese elite wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties. J. Genet Genomics. 42, 39-42 (2015)). After bombardment, embryos were processed according to Zhang, K. et.al., but no selective agent was used during tissue culture.

Example 3. Establishing Resistance Screening Conditions for Transformed Plants

Herbicides listed in Table 5 were selected, and ½ MS medium containing different concentrations of herbicides was prepared for screening wild type rice and wheat tissue culture seedlings. After 7 days, the minimum herbicide concentrations inhibiting plant growth were selected for subsequent screen of transformed plants.

TABLE 5 Herbicides used for screen Selection Selection Inhibited concentration concentration Herbicides gene for rice (PPM) for wheat (PPM) Imazameth ALS Nicosulfuron ALS 0.012 0.13 Pyroxsulam ALS Flucarbazone-sodium ALS Bispyribac-sodium ALS fenoxaprop-P-ethyl ACCase 4.5 cyhalofop-butyl ACCase 5.3 sethoxydim ACCase 0.33 0.33 PINOXADEN ACCase Haloxyfop-R-methyl ACCase 0.036 0.036 mesotrione HPPD Glyphosate EPSPS

Example 4. Screening and Identification of Resistant Plants

The transformed plants obtained in Example 3 were grown on the corresponding herbicide screening medium (Table 5) and the phenotypes were observed and the resistant plants were selected (FIGS. 1-3).

After extracting the DNA of resistant plants, T7EI and PCR/RE were perforemd. Finally, the mutations of the target genes were confirmed by Sanger sequencing.

As a result, the following mutations in plant-endogenous proteins ALS and ACCase were identified as herbicide-resistant mutations. In addition to C-T mutations, the base editing system of the present invention may also cause C-G/A mutations, so unexpected resistant mutations were screened out.

TABLE 6 Rice ALS resistant mutations. resistant Flucarbazone- Bispyribac- Amino acid position substitution Nicosulfuron Pyroxsulam sodium sodium Imazameth OsALS-P171 A R R R r (corresponding to F R R R R AtALS-P197) S R R R R Y R R R R OsALS-P171, R172 F, C R R R R (corresponding to AtALS-P197, R198) OsALS-G628, G629 E, S R (corresponding to AtALS-G654, G655) OsALS-G628, G629 K, S R (corresponding to AtALS-G654, G655) OsALS-G628, D633 E, N R (corresponding to AtALS-G654, D659) OsALS-P171, G628, G629 F, E, S R R R R (corresponding to AtALS-P197, G654, G655)

TABLE 7 Rice ACCase resistant mutations resistant Amino acid position substitution Haloxyfop-R-methyl OsACCase-W2125 C R (corresponding to AtACCase- W2027) OsACCase-W2125, R2126 C, K R (corresponding to AtACCase- W2027, R2028)

TABLE 8 Nicosulfuron resistant mutations in wheat A genome B genome D genome Amino acid position substitution substitution substitution TaALS-P173 F(homo) S(homo) S(homo) (corresponding to F(homo) F(homo) S(homo) AtALS-P197) S(homo) F/S F/S F(homo) F/S F/S F/S F/S F/S F/A F(homo) F/S F/S F(homo) F/S

Sequence listing: SEQ ID NO: 1 Alopecurus myosuroides ACCase amino acid sequence MGSTHLPIVGFNASTTPSLSTLRQINSAAAAFQSSSPSRSSKKKSRRVKSIRDDGDGSVPDPAGHGQSIRQGLAG IIDLPKEGASAPDVDISHGSEDHKASYQMNGILNESHNGRHASLSKVYEFCTELGGKTPIHSVLVANNGMAAAKF MRSVRTWANDTFGSEKAIQLIAMATPEDMRINAEHIRIADQFVEVPGGTNNNNYANVQLIVEIAERTGVSAVWPG WGHASENPELPDALTAKGIVFLGPPASSMNALGDKVGSALIAQAAGVPTLAWSGSHVEIPLELCLDSIPEEMYRK ACVTTADEAVASCQMIGYPAMIKASWGGGGKGIRKVNNDDEVKALFKQVQGEVPGSPIFIMRLASQSRHLEVQLL CDEYGNVAALHSRDCSVQRRHQKIIEEGPVTVAPRETVKELEQAARRLAKAVGYVGAATVEYLYSMETGEYYFLE LNPRLQVEHPVTESIAEVNLPAAQVAVGMGIPLWQIPEIRRFYGMDNGGGYDIWRKTAALATPFNFDEVDSQWPK GHCVAVRITSENPDDGFKPTGGKVKEISFKSKPNVWGYFSVKSGGGIHEFADSQFGHVFAYGETRSAAITSMSLA LKEIQIRGEIHTNVDYTVDLLNAPDFRENTIHTGWLDTRIAMRVQAERPPWYISVVGGALYKTITTNAETVSEYV SYLIKGQIPPKHISLVHSTISLNIEESKYTIEIVRSGQGSYRLRLNGSLIEANVQTLCDGGLLMQLDGNSHVIYA EEEAGGTRLLIDGKTCLLQNDHDPSRLLAETPCKLLRFLIADGAHVDADVPYAEVEVMKMCMPLLSPAAGVINVL LSEGQAMQAGDLIARLDLDDPSAVKRAEPFEGSFPEMSLPIAASGQVHKRCAASLNAARMVLAGYDHAANKVVQD LVWCLDTPALPFLQWEELMSVLATRLPRRLKSELEGKYNEYKLNVDHVKIKDFPTEMLRETIEENLACVSEKEMV TIERLVDPLMSLLKSYEGGRESHAHFIVKSLFEEYLSVEELFSDGIQSDVIERLRLQYSKDLQKVVDIVLSHQGV RNKTKLILALMEKLVYPNPAAYRDQLIRFSSLNHKRYYKLALKASELLEQTKLSELRTSIARNLSALDMFTEEKA DFSLQDRKLAINESMGDLVTAPLPVEDALVSLFDCTDQTLQQRVIQTYISRLYQPQLVKDSIQLKYQDSGVIALW EFTEGNHEKRLGAMVILKSLESVSTAIGAALKDASHYASSAGNTVHIALLDADTQLNTTEDSGDNDQAQDKMDKL SFVLKQDVVMADLRAADVKVVSCIVQRDGAIMPMRRTFLLSEEKLCYEEEPILRHVEPPLSALLELDKLKVKGYN EMKYTPSRDRQWHIYTLRNTENPKMLHRVFFRTLVRQPSAGNRFTSDHITDVEVGHAEEPLSFTSSSILKSLKIA KEELELHAIRTGHSHMYLCILKEQKLLDLVPVSGNTVVDVGQDEATACSLLKEMALKIHELVGARMHHLSVCQWE VKLKLVSDGPASGSWRVVTTNVTGHTCTVDIYREVEDTESQKLVYHSTALSSGPLHGVALNTSYQPLSVIDLKRC SARNNKTTYCYDFPLTFEAAVQKSWSNISSENNQCYVKATELVFAEKNGSWGTPIIPMQRAAGLNDIGMVAWILD MSTPEFPSGRQIIVIANDITFRAGSFGPREDAFFEAVTNLACEKKLPLIYLAANSGARIGIADEVKSCFRVGWTD DSSPERGFRYIYMTDEDHDRIGSSVIAHKMQLDSGEIRWVIDSVVGKEDGLGVENIHGSAAIASAYSRAYEETFT LTFVTGRTVGIGAYLARLGIRCIQRIDQPIILTGFSALNKLLGREVYSSHMQLGGPKIMATNGVVHLTVPDDLEG VSNILRWLSYVPANIGGPLPITKSLDPIDRPVAYIPENTCDPRAAISGIDDSQGKWLGGMFDKDSFVETFEGWAK TVVTGRAKLGGIPVGVIAVETQTMMQLVPADPGQPDSHERSVPRAGQVWFPDSATKTAQAMLDFNREGLPLFILA NWRGFSGGQRDLFEGILQAGSTIVENLRTYNQPAFVYIPKAAELRGGAWVVIDSKINPDRIECYAERTAKGNVLE PQGLIEIKFRSEELKECMGRLDPELIDLKARLQGANGSLSDGESLQKSIEARKKQLLPLYTQIAVRFAELHDTSL RMAAKGVIRKVVDWEDSRSFFYKRLRRRLSEDVLAKEIRGVIGEKFPHKSAIELIKKWYLASEAAAAGSTDWDDD DAFVAWRENPENYKEYIKELRAQRVSRLLSDVAGSSSDLQALPQGLSMLLDKMDPSKRAQFIEEVMKVLK SEQ ID NO: 2 Arobidopsis ALS amino acid sequence MAAATTTTTTSSSISFSTKPSPSSSKSPLPISRFSLPFSLNPNKSSSSSRRRGIKSSSPSSISAVLNTTTNVTTT PSPTKPTKPETFISRFAPDQPRKGADILVEALERQGVETVFAYPGGASMEIHQALTRSSSIRNVLPRHEQGGVFA AEGYARSSGKPGICIATSGPGATNLVSGLADALLDSVPLVAITGQVPRRMIGTDAFQETPIVEVTRSITKHNYLV MDVEDIPRIIEEAFFLATSGRPGPVLVDVPKDIQQQLAIPNWEQAMRLPGYMSRMPKPPEDSHLEQIVRLISESK KPVLYVGGGCLNSSDELGRFVELTGIPVASTLMGLGSYPCDDELSLHMLGMHGTVYANYAVEHSDLLLAFGVRFD DRVTGKLEAFASRAKIVHIDIDSAEIGKNKTPHVSVCGDVKLALQGMNKVLENRAEELKLDFGVWRNELNVQKQK FPLSFKTFGEAIPPQYAIKVLDELTDGKAIISTGVGQHQMWAAQFYNYKKPRQWLSSGGLGAMGFGLPAAIGASV ANPDAIVVDIDGDGSFIMNVQELATIRVENLPVKVLLLNNQHLGMVMQWEDRFYKANRAHTFLGDPAQEDEIFPN MLLFAAACGIPAARVTKKADLREAIQTMLDTPGPYLLDVICPHQEHVLPMIPSGGTFNDVITEGDGRIKY SEQ ID NO: 3 rice HPPD amino acid sequence MPPTPTPTATTGAVSAAAAAGENAGFRLVGHRRFVRANPRSDRFQALAFHHVELWCADAASAAGRFAFALGAPLA ARSDLSTGNSAHASLLLRSASVAFLFTAPYGGDHGVGADAATTASIPSFSPGAARRFAADHGLAVHAVALRVADA ADAFRASVAAGARPAFQPADLGGGFGLAEVELYGDVVLRFVSHPDGADAPFLPGFEGVSNPGAVDYGLRRFDHVV GNVPELAPVAAYISGFTGFHEFAEFTAEDVGTAESGLNSVVLANNAETVLLPLNEPVHGTKRRSQIQTYLDHHGG PGVQHIALASDDVLGTLREMRARSAMGGFEFLAPPPPNYYDGVRRRAGDVLSEEQINECQELGVLVDRDDQGVLL QIFTKPVGDRPTFFLEMIQRIGCMEKDESGQEYQKGGCGGFGKGNFSELFKSIEEYEKSLEAKQAPTVQGS SEQ ID NO: 4 wheat A genome EPSPS amino acid sequence MAMAAAATVAASASSSAVSLDRAAPAHPRRLRMPAARAAHRGAVRLWGPRGAAARATSVAAPAAPAGAEEVVLQP IREISGAVQLPGSKSLSNRILLLSALSEGTTVVDNLLNSEDVHYMLEALEALGLSVEADKVAKRAVVVGCGGRFP VEKDAKEEVKLFLGNAGTAMRPLTAAVVAAGGNATYVLDGVPRMRERPIGDLVVGLQQLGADVDCFLGTNCPPVR INGKGGLPGGKVKLSGSISSQYLSSLLMAAPLALEDVEIEIIDKLISVPYVEMTLKLMEHFGVTAEHSDSWDRFY IKGGQKYKSPGNAYVEGDASSASYFLAGAAITGGTVTVEGCGTTSLQGDVKFAEVLEMMGAKVTWTDTSVTVTGP PRQPFGRKHLKAVDVNMNKMPDVAMTLAVVALFADGPTAIRDVASWRVKETERMVAIRTELTKLGATVEEGPDYC IITPPEKLNITAIDTYDDHRMAMAFSLAACAEVPVTIRDPGCTRKTFPNYFDVLSTFVKN >SEQ ID NO: 5 wild type spCas9 MDKKYSIGLDIGTNSVGWAVITDEYKVPSKKFKVLGNTDRHSIKKNLIGALLFDSGETAEATRLKRTARRRYTRR KNRICYLQEIFSNEMAKVDDSFFHRLEESFLVEEDKKHERHPIFGNIVDEVAYHEKYPTIYHLRKKLVDSTDKAD LRLIYLALAHMIKFRGHFLIEGDLNPDNSDVDKLFIQLVQTYNQLFEENPINASGVDAKAILSARLSKSRRLENL IAQLPGEKKNGLFGNLIALSLGLTPNEKSNEDLAEDAKLQLSKDTYDDDLDNLLAQIGDQYADLFLAAKNLSDAI LLSDILRVNTEITKAPLSASMIKRYDEHHQDLTLLKALVRQQLPEKYKEIFFDQSKNGYAGYIDGGASQEEFYKF IKPILEKMDGTEELLVKLNREDLLRKQRTFDNGSIPHQIHLGELHAILRRQEDFYPFLKDNREKIEKILTFRIPY YVGPLARGNSRFAWMTRKSEETITPWNFEEVVDKGASAQSFIERMTNFDKNLPNEKVLPKHSLLYEYFTVYNELT KVKYVTEGMRKPAELSGEQKKAIVDLLEKTNRKVIVKQLKEDYFKKIECFDSVEISGVEDRFNASLGTYHDLLKI IKDKDFLDNEENEDILEDIVLTLTLFEDREMIEERLKTYAHLFDDKVMKQLKRRRYTGWGRLSRKLINGIRDKQS GKTILDFLKSDGFANRNFMQLIHDDSLTFKEDIQKAQVSGQGDSLHEHIANLAGSPAIKKGILQTVKVVDELVKV MGRHKPENIVIEMARENQTTQKGQKNSRERMKRIEEGIKELGSQILKEHPVENTQLQNEKLYLYYLQNGRDMYVD QELDINRLSDYDVDHIVPQSFLKDDSIDNKVLTRSDKNRGKSDNVPSEEVVKKMKNYWRQLLNAKLITQRKEDNL IKAERGGLSELDKAGFIKRQLVETRQITKHVAQILDSRMNTKYDENDKLIREVKVITLKSKLVSDFRKDFQFYKV REINNYHHAHDAYLNAVVGTALIKKYPKLESEFVYGDYKVYDVRKMIAKSEQEIGKATAKYFFYSNIMNFFKTEI TLANGEIRKRPLIETNGETGEIVWDKGRDFATVRKVLSMPQVNIVKKTEVQTGGFSKESILPKRNSDKLIARKKD WDPKKYGGFDSPTVAYSVLVVAKVEKGKSKKLKSVKELLGITIMERSSFEKNPIDFLEAKGYKEVKKDLIIKLPK YSLFELENGRKRMLASAGELQKGNELALPSKYVNFLYLASHYEKLKGSPEDNEQKQLFVEQHKHYLDEIIEQISE FSKRVILADANLDKVLSAYNKHRDKPIREQAENIIHLFTLTNLGAPAAFKYFDTTIDRKRYTSTKEVLDATLIHQ SITGLYETRIDLSQLGGD >SEQ ID NO: 6 dCas9 MDKKYSIGLAIGTNSVGWAVITDEYKVPSKKEKVLGNTDRHSIKKNLIGALLFDSGETAEATRLKRTARRRYTRR KNRICYLQEIFSNEMAKVDDSFFHRLEESFLVEEDKKHERHPIFGNIVDEVAYHEKYPTIYHLRKKLVDSTDKAD LRLIYLALAHMIKFRGHFLIEGDLNPDNSDVDKLFIQLVQTYNQLFEENPINASGVDAKAILSARLSKSRRLENL IAQLPGEKKNGLFGNLIALSLGLTPNEKSNEDLAEDAKLQLSKDTYDDDLDNLLAQIGDQYADLFLAAKNLSDAI LLSDILRVNTEITKAPLSASMIKRYDEHHQDLTLLKALVRQQLPEKYKEIFFDQSKNGYAGYIDGGASQEEFYKF IKPILEKMDGTEELLVKLNREDLLRKQRTFDNGSIPHQIHLGELHAILRRQEDFYPFLKDNREKIEKILTFRIPY YVGPLARGNSRFAWMTRKSEETITPWNFEEVVDKGASAQSFIERMTNFDKNLPNEKVLPKHSLLYEYFTVYNELT KVKYVTEGMRKPAELSGEQKKAIVDLLEKTNRKVIVKQLKEDYFKKIECFDSVEISGVEDRFNASLGTYHDLLKI IKDKDFLDNEENEDILEDIVLTLTLFEDREMIEERLKTYAHLFDDKVMKQLKRRRYTGWGRLSRKLINGIRDKQS GKTILDFLKSDGFANRNFMQLIHDDSLTFKEDIQKAQVSGQGDSLHEHIANLAGSPAIKKGILQTVKVVDELVKV MGRHKPENIVIEMARENQTTQKGQKNSRERMKRIEEGIKELGSQILKEHPVENTQLQNEKLYLYYLQNGRDMYVD QELDINRLSDYDVDAIVPQSFLKDDSIDNKVLTRSDKNRGKSDNVPSEEVVKKMKNYWRQLLNAKLITQRKEDNL IKAERGGLSELDKAGFIKRQLVETRQITKHVAQILDSRMNTKYDENDKLIREVKVITLKSKLVSDFRKDFQFYKV REINNYHHAHDAYLNAVVGTALIKKYPKLESEFVYGDYKVYDVRKMIAKSEQEIGKATAKYFFYSNIMNFFKTEI TLANGEIRKRPLIETNGETGEIVWDKGRDFATVRKVLSMPQVNIVKKTEVQTGGFSKESILPKRNSDKLIARKKD WDPKKYGGFDSPTVAYSVLVVAKVEKGKSKKLKSVKELLGITIMERSSFEKNPIDFLEAKGYKEVKKDLIIKLPK YSLFELENGRKRMLASAGELQKGNELALPSKYVNFLYLASHYEKLKGSPEDNEQKQLFVEQHKHYLDEIIEQISE FSKRVILADANLDKVLSAYNKHRDKPIREQAENIIHLFTLTNLGAPAAFKYFDTTIDRKRYTSTKEVLDATLIHQ SITGLYETRIDLSQLGGDKRPAATKKAGQAKKKK >SEQ ID NO: 7 nCas9(D10A) MDKKYSIGLAIGTNSVGWAVITDEYKVPSKKEKVLGNTDRHSIKKNLIGALLFDSGETAEATRLKRTARRRYTRR KNRICYLQEIFSNEMAKVDDSFFHRLEESFLVEEDKKHERHPIFGNIVDEVAYHEKYPTIYHLRKKLVDSTDKAD LRLIYLALAHMIKFRGHFLIEGDLNPDNSDVDKLFIQLVQTYNQLFEENPINASGVDAKAILSARLSKSRRLENL IAQLPGEKKNGLFGNLIALSLGLTPNEKSNEDLAEDAKLQLSKDTYDDDLDNLLAQIGDQYADLFLAAKNLSDAI LLSDILRVNTEITKAPLSASMIKRYDEHHQDLTLLKALVRQQLPEKYKEIFFDQSKNGYAGYIDGGASQEEFYKF IKPILEKMDGTEELLVKLNREDLLRKQRTFDNGSIPHQIHLGELHAILRRQEDFYPFLKDNREKIEKILTFRIPY YVGPLARGNSRFAWMTRKSEETITPWNFEEVVDKGASAQSFIERMTNFDKNLPNEKVLPKHSLLYEYFTVYNELT KVKYVTEGMRKPAELSGEQKKAIVDLLEKTNRKVIVKQLKEDYFKKIECFDSVEISGVEDRFNASLGTYHDLLKI IKDKDFLDNEENEDILEDIVLTLTLFEDREMIEERLKTYAHLFDDKVMKQLKRRRYTGWGRLSRKLINGIRDKQS GKTILDFLKSDGFANRNFMQLIHDDSLTFKEDIQKAQVSGQGDSLHEHIANLAGSPAIKKGILQTVKVVDELVKV MGRHKPENIVIEMARENQTTQKGQKNSRERMKRIEEGIKELGSQILKEHPVENTQLQNEKLYLYYLQNGRDMYVD QELDINRLSDYDVDHIVPQSFLKDDSIDNKVLTRSDKNRGKSDNVPSEEVVKKMKNYWRQLLNAKLITQRKEDNL IKAERGGLSELDKAGFIKRQLVETRQITKHVAQILDSRMNTKYDENDKLIREVKVITLKSKLVSDFRKDFQFYKV REINNYHHAHDAYLNAVVGTALIKKYPKLESEFVYGDYKVYDVRKMIAKSEQEIGKATAKYFFYSNIMNFFKTEI TLANGEIRKRPLIETNGETGEIVWDKGRDFATVRKVLSMPQVNIVKKTEVQTGGFSKESILPKRNSDKLIARKKD WDPKKYGGFDSPTVAYSVLVVAKVEKGKSKKLKSVKELLGITIMERSSFEKNPIDFLEAKGYKEVKKDLIIKLPK YSLFELENGRKRMLASAGELQKGNELALPSKYVNFLYLASHYEKLKGSPEDNEQKQLFVEQHKHYLDEIIEQISE FSKRVILADANLDKVLSAYNKHRDKPIREQAENIIHLFTLTNLGAPAAFKYFDTTIDRKRYTSTKEVLDATLIHQ SITGLYETRIDLSQLGGDKRPAATKKAGQAKKKK >SEQ ID NO: 8 XTEN KSGSETPGTSESATPE >SEQ ID NO: 9 UGI TNLSDIIEKETGKQLVIQESILMLPEEVEEVIGNKPESDILVHTAYDESTDENVMLLTSDAPEYKPWALVIQDSN GENKIKML >SEQ ID NO: 10 fusion protein NLS-APOBEC1-XTEN-nCas9-UGI-NLS MPKKKRKVSSETGPVAVDPTLRRRIEPHEFEVFFDPRELRKETCLLYEINWGGRHSIWRHTSQNTNKHVEVNFIE KFTTERYFCPNTRCSITWFLSWSPCGECSRAITEFLSRYPHVTLFIYIARLYHHADPRNRQGLRDLISSGVTIQI MTEQESGYCWRNFVNYSPSNEAHWPRYPHLWVRLYVLELYCIILGLPPCLNILRRKQPQLTFFTIALQSCHYQRL PPHILWATGLKSGSETPGTSESATPELKDKKYSIGLAIGTNSVGWAVITDEYKVPSKKFKVLGNTDRHSIKKNLI GALLFDSGETAEATRLKRTARRRYTRRKNRICYLQEIFSNEMAKVDDSFFHRLEESFLVEEDKKHERHPIFGNIV DEVAYHEKYPTIYHLRKKLVDSTDKADLRLIYLALAHMIKFRGHFLIEGDLNPDNSDVDKLFIQLVQTYNQLFEE NPINASGVDAKAILSARLSKSRRLENLIAQLPGEKKNGLFGNLIALSLGLIPNEKSNEDLAEDAKLQLSKDTYDD DLDNLLAQIGDQYADLFLAAKNLSDAILLSDILRVNTEITKAPLSASMIKRYDEHHQDLTLLKALVRQQLPEKYK EIFFDQSKNGYAGYIDGGASQEEFYKFIKPILEKMDGTEELLVKLNREDLLRKQRTFDNGSIPHQIHLGELHAIL RRQEDFYPFLKDNREKIEKILTFRIPYYVGPLARGNSRFAWMTRKSEETITPWNFEEVVDKGASAQSFIERMTNE DKNLPNEKVLPKHSLLYEYFTVYNELTKVKYVTEGMRKPAFLSGEQKKAIVDLLFKINRKVIVKQLKEDYFKKIE CFDSVEISGVEDRFNASLGTYHDLLKIIKDKDFLDNEENEDILEDIVLTLTLFEDREMIEERLKTYAHLFDDKVM KQLKRRRYTGWGRLSRKLINGIRDKQSGKTILDFLKSDGFANRNFMQLIHDDSLTFKEDIQKAQVSGQGDSLHEH IANLAGSPAIKKGILQTVKVVDELVKVMGRHKPENIVIEMARENQTTQKGQKNSRERMKRIEEGIKELGSQILKE HPVENTQLQNEKLYLYYLQNGRDMYVDQELDINRLSDYDVDHIVPQSFLKDDSIDNKVLTRSDKNRGKSDNVPSE EVVKKMKNYWRQLLNAKLITQRKFDNLTKAERGGLSELDKAGFIKRQLVETRQITKHVAQILDSRMNTKYDENDK LIREVKVITLKSKLVSDFRKDFQFYKVREINNYHHAHDAYLNAVVGTALIKKYPKLESEFVYGDYKVYDVRKMIA KSEQEIGKATAKYFFYSNIMNFFKTEITLANGEIRKRPLIETNGETGEIVWDKGRDFATVRKVLSMPQVNIVKKT EVQTGGFSKESILPKRNSDKLIARKKDWDPKKYGGFDSPTVAYSVLVVAKVEKGKSKKLKSVKELLGITIMERSS FEKNPIDFLEAKGYKEVKKDLIIKLPKYSLFELENGRKRMLASAGELQKGNELALPSKYVNFLYLASHYEKLKGS PEDNEQKQLFVEQHKHYLDEIIEQISEFSKRVILADANLDKVLSAYNKHRDKPIREQAENIIHLFTLINLGAPAA FKYFDTTIDRKRYTSTKEVLDATLIHQSITGLYETRIDLSQLGGDKRPAATKKAGQAKKKKTRDSGGSTNLSDII EKETGKQLVIQESILMLPEEVEEVIGNKPESDILVHTAYDESTDENVMLLTSDAPEYKPWALVIQDSNGENKIKM LSGGSPKKKRKV >SEQ ID NO: 11 fusion protein NLS-APOBEC1-XTEN-dCas9-UGI-NLS MPKKKRKVSSETGPVAVDPTLRRRIEPHEFEVFFDPRELRKETCLLYEINWGGRHSIWRHTSQNTNKHVEVNFIE KFTTERYFCPNTRCSITWFLSWSPCGECSRAITEFLSRYPHVTLFIYIARLYHHADPRNRQGLRDLISSGVTIQI MTEQESGYCWRNFVNYSPSNEAHWPRYPHLWVRLYVLELYCIILGLPPCLNILRRKQPQLTFFTIALQSCHYQRL PPHILWATGLKSGSETPGTSESATPELKDKKYSIGLAIGTNSVGWAVITDEYKVPSKKFKVLGNTDRHSIKKNLI GALLFDSGETAEATRLKRTARRRYTRRKNRICYLQEIFSNEMAKVDDSFFHRLEESFLVEEDKKHERHPIFGNIV DEVAYHEKYPTIYHLRKKLVDSTDKADLRLIYLALAHMIKFRGHFLIEGDLNPDNSDVDKLFIQLVQTYNQLFEE NPINASGVDAKAILSARLSKSRRLENLIAQLPGEKKNGLFGNLIALSLGLIPNEKSNEDLAEDAKLQLSKDTYDD DLDNLLAQIGDQYADLFLAAKNLSDAILLSDILRVNTEITKAPLSASMIKRYDEHHQDLTLLKALVRQQLPEKYK EIFFDQSKNGYAGYIDGGASQEEFYKFIKPILEKMDGTEELLVKLNREDLLRKQRTFDNGSIPHQIHLGELHAIL RRQEDFYPFLKDNREKIEKILTFRIPYYVGPLARGNSRFAWMTRKSEETITPWNFEEVVDKGASAQSFIERMTNE DKNLPNEKVLPKHSLLYEYFTVYNELTKVKYVTEGMRKPAFLSGEQKKAIVDLLFKINRKVIVKQLKEDYFKKIE CFDSVEISGVEDRFNASLGTYHDLLKIIKDKDFLDNEENEDILEDIVLTLTLFEDREMIEERLKTYAHLFDDKVM KQLKRRRYTGWGRLSRKLINGIRDKQSGKTILDFLKSDGFANRNFMQLIHDDSLTFKEDIQKAQVSGQGDSLHEH IANLAGSPAIKKGILQTVKVVDELVKVMGRHKPENIVIEMARENQTTQKGQKNSRERMKRIEEGIKELGSQILKE HPVENTQLQNEKLYLYYLQNGRDMYVDQELDINRLSDYDVDAIVPQSFLKDDSIDNKVLTRSDKNRGKSDNVPSE EVVKKMKNYWRQLLNAKLITQRKFDNLTKAERGGLSELDKAGFIKRQLVETRQITKHVAQILDSRMNTKYDENDK LIREVKVITLKSKLVSDFRKDFQFYKVREINNYHHAHDAYLNAVVGTALIKKYPKLESEFVYGDYKVYDVRKMIA KSEQEIGKATAKYFFYSNIMNFFKTEITLANGEIRKRPLIETNGETGEIVWDKGRDFATVRKVLSMPQVNIVKKT EVQTGGFSKESILPKRNSDKLIARKKDWDPKKYGGFDSPTVAYSVLVVAKVEKGKSKKLKSVKELLGITIMERSS FEKNPIDFLEAKGYKEVKKDLIIKLPKYSLFELENGRKRMLASAGELQKGNELALPSKYVNFLYLASHYEKLKGS PEDNEQKQLFVEQHKHYLDEIIEQISEFSKRVILADANLDKVLSAYNKHRDKPIREQAENIIHLFTLINLGAPAA FKYFDTTIDRKRYTSTKEVLDATLIHQSITGLYETRIDLSQLGGDKRPAATKKAGQAKKKKTRDSGGSTNLSDII EKETGKQLVIQESILMLPEEVEEVIGNKPESDILVHTAYDESTDENVMLLTSDAPEYKPWALVIQDSNGENKIKM LSGGSPKKKRKV >SEQ ID NO: 12 nucleotide sequence of fusion protein NLS-APOBEC1-XTEN-nCas9-UGI-NLS ATGccaaagaagaagaggaaggttTCATCGGAGACCGGCCCTGTTGCTGTTGACCCCACCCTGCGGCGGAGAATC GAGCCACACGAGTTCGAGGTGTTCTTCGACCCAAGGGAGCTCCGCAAGGAGACGTGCCTCCTGTACGAGATCAAC TGGGGCGGCAGGCACTCCATCTGGAGGCACACCAGCCAAAACACCAACAAGCACGTGGAGGTCAACTTCATCGAG AAGTTCACCACCGAGAGGTACTTCTGCCCAAACACCCGCTGCTCCATCACCTGGTTCCTGTCCTGGAGCCCATGC GGCGAGTGCTCCAGGGCCATCACCGAGTTCCTCAGCCGCTACCCACACGTCACCCTGTTCATCTACATCGCCAGG CTCTACCACCACGCCGACCCAAGGAACAGGCAGGGCCTCCGCGACCTGATCTCCAGCGGCGTGACCATCCAAATC ATGACCGAGCAGGAGTCCGGCTACTGCTGGAGGAACTTCGTCAACTACTCCCCAAGCAACGAGGCCCACTGGCCA AGGTACCCACACCTCTGGGTGCGCCTCTACGTGCTCGAGCTGTACTGCATCATCCTCGGCCTGCCACCATGCCTC AACATCCTGAGGCGCAAGCAACCACAGCTGACCTTCTTCACCATCGCCCTCCAAAGCTGCCACTACCAGAGGCTC CCACCACACATCCTGTGGGCTACCGGCCTCAAGTCCGGCAGCGAGACGCCAGGCACCTCCGAGAGCGCTACGCCT GAACTTAAGGACAAGAAGTACTCGATCGGCCTCGCCATCGGGACGAACTCAGTTGGCTGGGCCGTGATCACCGAC GAGTACAAGGTGCCCTCTAAGAAGTTCAAGGTCCTGGGGAACACCGACCGCCATTCCATCAAGAAGAACCTCATC GGCGCTCTCCTGTTCGACAGCGGGGAGACCGCTGAGGCTACGAGGCTCAAGAGAACCGCTAGGCGCCGGTACACG AGAAGGAAGAACAGGATCTGCTACCTCCAAGAGATTTTCTCCAACGAGATGGCCAAGGTTGACGATTCATTCTTC CACCGCCTGGAGGAGTCTTTCCTCGTGGAGGAGGATAAGAAGCACGAGCGGCATCCCATCTTCGGCAACATCGTG GACGAGGTTGCCTACCACGAGAAGTACCCTACGATCTACCATCTGCGGAAGAAGCTCGTGGACTCCACCGATAAG GCGGACCTCAGACTGATCTACCTCGCTCTGGCCCACATGATCAAGTTCCGCGGCCATTTCCTGATCGAGGGGGAT CTCAACCCAGACAACAGCGATGTTGACAAGCTGTTCATCCAACTCGTGCAGACCTACAACCAACTCTTCGAGGAG AACCCGATCAACGCCTCTGGCGTGGACGCGAAGGCTATCCTGTCCGCGAGGCTCTCGAAGTCCAGGAGGCTGGAG AACCTGATCGCTCAGCTCCCAGGCGAGAAGAAGAACGGCCTGTTCGGGAACCTCATCGCTCTCAGCCTGGGGCTC ACCCCGAACTTCAAGTCGAACTTCGATCTCGCTGAGGACGCCAAGCTGCAACTCTCCAAGGACACCTACGACGAT GACCTCGATAACCTCCTGGCCCAGATCGGCGATCAATACGCGGACCTGTTCCTCGCTGCCAAGAACCTGTCGGAC GCCATCCTCCTGTCAGATATCCTCCGCGTGAACACCGAGATCACGAAGGCTCCACTCTCTGCCTCCATGATCAAG CGCTACGACGAGCACCATCAGGATCTGACCCTCCTGAAGGCGCTGGTCCGCCAACAGCTCCCGGAGAAGTACAAG GAGATTTTCTTCGATCAGTCGAAGAACGGCTACGCTGGGTACATCGACGGCGGGGCCTCACAAGAGGAGTTCTAC AAGTTCATCAAGCCAATCCTGGAGAAGATGGACGGCACGGAGGAGCTCCTGGTGAAGCTCAACAGGGAGGACCTC CTGCGGAAGCAGAGAACCTTCGATAACGGCAGCATCCCCCACCAAATCCATCTCGGGGAGCTGCACGCCATCCTG AGAAGGCAAGAGGACTTCTACCCTTTCCTCAAGGATAACCGGGAGAAGATCGAGAAGATCCTGACCTTCAGAATC CCATACTACGTCGGCCCTCTCGCGCGGGGGAACTCAAGATTCGCTTGGATGACCCGCAAGTCTGAGGAGACCATC ACGCCGTGGAACTTCGAGGAGGTGGTGGACAAGGGCGCTAGCGCTCAGTCGTTCATCGAGAGGATGACCAACTTC GACAAGAACCTGCCCAACGAGAAGGTGCTCCCTAAGCACTCGCTCCTGTACGAGTACTTCACCGTCTACAACGAG CTCACGAAGGTGAAGTACGTCACCGAGGGCATGCGCAAGCCAGCGTTCCTGTCCGGGGAGCAGAAGAAGGCTATC GTGGACCTCCTGTTCAAGACCAACCGGAAGGTCACGGTTAAGCAACTCAAGGAGGACTACTTCAAGAAGATCGAG TGCTTCGATTCGGTCGAGATCAGCGGCGTTGAGGACCGCTTCAACGCCAGCCTCGGGACCTACCACGATCTCCTG AAGATCATCAAGGATAAGGACTTCCTGGACAACGAGGAGAACGAGGATATCCTGGAGGACATCGTGCTGACCCTC ACGCTGTTCGAGGACAGGGAGATGATCGAGGAGCGCCTGAAGACGTACGCCCATCTCTTCGATGACAAGGTCATG AAGCAACTCAAGCGCCGGAGATACACCGGCTGGGGGAGGCTGTCCCGCAAGCTCATCAACGGCATCCGGGACAAG CAGTCCGGGAAGACCATCCTCGACTTCCTCAAGAGCGATGGCTTCGCCAACAGGAACTTCATGCAACTGATCCAC GATGACAGCCTCACCTTCAAGGAGGATATCCAAAAGGCTCAAGTGAGCGGCCAGGGGGACTCGCTGCACGAGCAT ATCGCGAACCTCGCTGGCTCCCCCGCGATCAAGAAGGGCATCCTCCAGACCGTGAAGGTTGTGGACGAGCTCGTG AAGGTCATGGGCCGGCACAAGCCTGAGAACATCGTCATCGAGATGGCCAGAGAGAACCAAACCACGCAGAAGGGG CAAAAGAACTCTAGGGAGCGCATGAAGCGCATCGAGGAGGGCATCAAGGAGCTGGGGTCCCAAATCCTCAAGGAG CACCCAGTGGAGAACACCCAACTGCAGAACGAGAAGCTCTACCTGTACTACCTCCAGAACGGCAGGGATATGTAC GTGGACCAAGAGCTGGATATCAACCGCCTCAGCGATTACGACGTCGATCATATCGTTCCCCAGTCTTTCCTGAAG GATGACTCCATCGACAACAAGGTCCTCACCAGGTCGGACAAGAACCGCGGCAAGTCAGATAACGTTCCATCTGAG GAGGTCGTTAAGAAGATGAAGAACTACTGGAGGCAGCTCCTGAACGCCAAGCTGATCACGCAAAGGAAGTTCGAC AACCTCACCAAGGCTGAGAGAGGCGGGCTCTCAGAGCTGGACAAGGCCGGCTTCATCAAGCGGCAGCTGGTCGAG ACCAGACAAATCACGAAGCACGTTGCGCAAATCCTCGACTCTCGGATGAACACGAAGTACGATGAGAACGACAAG CTGATCAGGGAGGTTAAGGTGATCACCCTGAAGTCTAAGCTCGTCTCCGACTTCAGGAAGGATTTCCAGTTCTAC AAGGTTCGCGAGATCAACAACTACCACCATGCCCATGACGCTTACCTCAACGCTGTGGTCGGCACCGCTCTGATC AAGAAGTACCCAAAGCTGGAGTCCGAGTTCGTGTACGGGGACTACAAGGTTTACGATGTGCGCAAGATGATCGCC AAGTCGGAGCAAGAGATCGGCAAGGCTACCGCCAAGTACTTCTTCTACTCAAACATCATGAACTTCTTCAAGACC GAGATCACGCTGGCCAACGGCGAGATCCGGAAGAGACCGCTCATCGAGACCAACGGCGAGACGGGGGAGATCGTG TGGGACAAGGGCAGGGATTTCGCGACCGTCCGCAAGGTTCTCTCCATGCCCCAGGTGAACATCGTCAAGAAGACC GAGGTCCAAACGGGCGGGTTCTCAAAGGAGTCTATCCTGCCTAAGCGGAACAGCGACAAGCTCATCGCCAGAAAG AAGGACTGGGACCCAAAGAAGTACGGCGGGTTCGACAGCCCTACCGTGGCCTACTCGGTCCTGGTTGTGGCGAAG GTTGAGAAGGGCAAGTCCAAGAAGCTCAAGAGCGTGAAGGAGCTCCTGGGGATCACCATCATGGAGAGGTCCAGC TTCGAGAAGAACCCAATCGACTTCCTGGAGGCCAAGGGCTACAAGGAGGTGAAGAAGGACCTGATCATCAAGCTC CCGAAGTACTCTCTCTTCGAGCTGGAGAACGGCAGGAAGAGAATGCTGGCTTCCGCTGGCGAGCTCCAGAAGGGG AACGAGCTCGCGCTGCCAAGCAAGTACGTGAACTTCCTCTACCTGGCTTCCCACTACGAGAAGCTCAAGGGCAGC CCGGAGGACAACGAGCAAAAGCAGCTGTTCGTCGAGCAGCACAAGCATTACCTCGACGAGATCATCGAGCAAATC TCCGAGTTCAGCAAGCGCGTGATCCTCGCCGACGCGAACCTGGATAAGGTCCTCTCCGCCTACAACAAGCACCGG GACAAGCCCATCAGAGAGCAAGCGGAGAACATCATCCATCTCTTCACCCTGACGAACCTCGGCGCTCCTGCTGCT TTCAAGTACTTCGACACCACGATCGATCGGAAGAGATACACCTCCACGAAGGAGGTCCTGGACGCGACCCTCATC CACCAGTCGATCACCGGCCTGTACGAGACGAGGATCGACCTCTCACAACTCGGCGGGGATAAGAGACCCGCAGCA ACCAAGAAGGCAGGGCAAGCAAAGAAGAAGAAGACGCGTGACTCCGGCGGCAGCACCAACCTGTCCGACATCATC GAGAAGGAGACGGGCAAGCAACTCGTGATCCAGGAGAGCATCCTCATGCTGCCAGAGGAGGTGGAGGAGGTCATC GGCAACAAGCCAGAGTCCGACATCCTGGTGCACACCGCCTACGACGAGTCCACCGACGAGAACGTCATGCTCCTG ACCAGCGACGCCCCAGAGTACAAGCCATGGGCCCTCGTCATCCAGGACAGCAACGGGGAGAACAAGATCAAGATG CTGtcgggggggagcccaaagaagaagcggaaggtgTAG >SEQ ID NO: 13 nucleotide sequence of fusion protein NLS-APOBEC1-XTEN-dCas9-UGI-NLS ATGccaaagaagaagaggaaggttTCATCGGAGACCGGCCCTGTTGCTGTTGACCCCACCCTGCGGCGGAGAATC GAGCCACACGAGTTCGAGGTGTTCTTCGACCCAAGGGAGCTCCGCAAGGAGACGTGCCTCCTGTACGAGATCAAC TGGGGCGGCAGGCACTCCATCTGGAGGCACACCAGCCAAAACACCAACAAGCACGTGGAGGTCAACTTCATCGAG AAGTTCACCACCGAGAGGTACTTCTGCCCAAACACCCGCTGCTCCATCACCTGGTTCCTGTCCTGGAGCCCATGC GGCGAGTGCTCCAGGGCCATCACCGAGTTCCTCAGCCGCTACCCACACGTCACCCTGTTCATCTACATCGCCAGG CTCTACCACCACGCCGACCCAAGGAACAGGCAGGGCCTCCGCGACCTGATCTCCAGCGGCGTGACCATCCAAATC ATGACCGAGCAGGAGTCCGGCTACTGCTGGAGGAACTTCGTCAACTACTCCCCAAGCAACGAGGCCCACTGGCCA AGGTACCCACACCTCTGGGTGCGCCTCTACGTGCTCGAGCTGTACTGCATCATCCTCGGCCTGCCACCATGCCTC AACATCCTGAGGCGCAAGCAACCACAGCTGACCTTCTTCACCATCGCCCTCCAAAGCTGCCACTACCAGAGGCTC CCACCACACATCCTGTGGGCTACCGGCCTCAAGTCCGGCAGCGAGACGCCAGGCACCTCCGAGAGCGCTACGCCT GAACTTAAGGACAAGAAGTACTCGATCGGCCTCGCCATCGGGACGAACTCAGTTGGCTGGGCCGTGATCACCGAC GAGTACAAGGTGCCCTCTAAGAAGTTCAAGGTCCTGGGGAACACCGACCGCCATTCCATCAAGAAGAACCTCATC GGCGCTCTCCTGTTCGACAGCGGGGAGACCGCTGAGGCTACGAGGCTCAAGAGAACCGCTAGGCGCCGGTACACG AGAAGGAAGAACAGGATCTGCTACCTCCAAGAGATTTTCTCCAACGAGATGGCCAAGGTTGACGATTCATTCTTC CACCGCCTGGAGGAGTCTTTCCTCGTGGAGGAGGATAAGAAGCACGAGCGGCATCCCATCTTCGGCAACATCGTG GACGAGGTTGCCTACCACGAGAAGTACCCTACGATCTACCATCTGCGGAAGAAGCTCGTGGACTCCACCGATAAG GCGGACCTCAGACTGATCTACCTCGCTCTGGCCCACATGATCAAGTTCCGCGGCCATTTCCTGATCGAGGGGGAT CTCAACCCAGACAACAGCGATGTTGACAAGCTGTTCATCCAACTCGTGCAGACCTACAACCAACTCTTCGAGGAG AACCCGATCAACGCCTCTGGCGTGGACGCGAAGGCTATCCTGTCCGCGAGGCTCTCGAAGTCCAGGAGGCTGGAG AACCTGATCGCTCAGCTCCCAGGCGAGAAGAAGAACGGCCTGTTCGGGAACCTCATCGCTCTCAGCCTGGGGCTC ACCCCGAACTTCAAGTCGAACTTCGATCTCGCTGAGGACGCCAAGCTGCAACTCTCCAAGGACACCTACGACGAT GACCTCGATAACCTCCTGGCCCAGATCGGCGATCAATACGCGGACCTGTTCCTCGCTGCCAAGAACCTGTCGGAC GCCATCCTCCTGTCAGATATCCTCCGCGTGAACACCGAGATCACGAAGGCTCCACTCTCTGCCTCCATGATCAAG CGCTACGACGAGCACCATCAGGATCTGACCCTCCTGAAGGCGCTGGTCCGCCAACAGCTCCCGGAGAAGTACAAG GAGATTTTCTTCGATCAGTCGAAGAACGGCTACGCTGGGTACATCGACGGCGGGGCCTCACAAGAGGAGTTCTAC AAGTTCATCAAGCCAATCCTGGAGAAGATGGACGGCACGGAGGAGCTCCTGGTGAAGCTCAACAGGGAGGACCTC CTGCGGAAGCAGAGAACCTTCGATAACGGCAGCATCCCCCACCAAATCCATCTCGGGGAGCTGCACGCCATCCTG AGAAGGCAAGAGGACTTCTACCCTTTCCTCAAGGATAACCGGGAGAAGATCGAGAAGATCCTGACCTTCAGAATC CCATACTACGTCGGCCCTCTCGCGCGGGGGAACTCAAGATTCGCTTGGATGACCCGCAAGTCTGAGGAGACCATC ACGCCGTGGAACTTCGAGGAGGTGGTGGACAAGGGCGCTAGCGCTCAGTCGTTCATCGAGAGGATGACCAACTTC GACAAGAACCTGCCCAACGAGAAGGTGCTCCCTAAGCACTCGCTCCTGTACGAGTACTTCACCGTCTACAACGAG CTCACGAAGGTGAAGTACGTCACCGAGGGCATGCGCAAGCCAGCGTTCCTGTCCGGGGAGCAGAAGAAGGCTATC GTGGACCTCCTGTTCAAGACCAACCGGAAGGTCACGGTTAAGCAACTCAAGGAGGACTACTTCAAGAAGATCGAG TGCTTCGATTCGGTCGAGATCAGCGGCGTTGAGGACCGCTTCAACGCCAGCCTCGGGACCTACCACGATCTCCTG AAGATCATCAAGGATAAGGACTTCCTGGACAACGAGGAGAACGAGGATATCCTGGAGGACATCGTGCTGACCCTC ACGCTGTTCGAGGACAGGGAGATGATCGAGGAGCGCCTGAAGACGTACGCCCATCTCTTCGATGACAAGGTCATG AAGCAACTCAAGCGCCGGAGATACACCGGCTGGGGGAGGCTGTCCCGCAAGCTCATCAACGGCATCCGGGACAAG CAGTCCGGGAAGACCATCCTCGACTTCCTCAAGAGCGATGGCTTCGCCAACAGGAACTTCATGCAACTGATCCAC GATGACAGCCTCACCTTCAAGGAGGATATCCAAAAGGCTCAAGTGAGCGGCCAGGGGGACTCGCTGCACGAGCAT ATCGCGAACCTCGCTGGCTCCCCCGCGATCAAGAAGGGCATCCTCCAGACCGTGAAGGTTGTGGACGAGCTCGTG AAGGTCATGGGCCGGCACAAGCCTGAGAACATCGTCATCGAGATGGCCAGAGAGAACCAAACCACGCAGAAGGGG CAAAAGAACTCTAGGGAGCGCATGAAGCGCATCGAGGAGGGCATCAAGGAGCTGGGGTCCCAAATCCTCAAGGAG CACCCAGTGGAGAACACCCAACTGCAGAACGAGAAGCTCTACCTGTACTACCTCCAGAACGGCAGGGATATGTAC GTGGACCAAGAGCTGGATATCAACCGCCTCAGCGATTACGACGTCGATGCTATCGTTCCCCAGTCTTTCCTGAAG GATGACTCCATCGACAACAAGGTCCTCACCAGGTCGGACAAGAACCGCGGCAAGTCAGATAACGTTCCATCTGAG GAGGTCGTTAAGAAGATGAAGAACTACTGGAGGCAGCTCCTGAACGCCAAGCTGATCACGCAAAGGAAGTTCGAC AACCTCACCAAGGCTGAGAGAGGCGGGCTCTCAGAGCTGGACAAGGCCGGCTTCATCAAGCGGCAGCTGGTCGAG ACCAGACAAATCACGAAGCACGTTGCGCAAATCCTCGACTCTCGGATGAACACGAAGTACGATGAGAACGACAAG CTGATCAGGGAGGTTAAGGTGATCACCCTGAAGTCTAAGCTCGTCTCCGACTTCAGGAAGGATTTCCAGTTCTAC AAGGTTCGCGAGATCAACAACTACCACCATGCCCATGACGCTTACCTCAACGCTGTGGTCGGCACCGCTCTGATC AAGAAGTACCCAAAGCTGGAGTCCGAGTTCGTGTACGGGGACTACAAGGTTTACGATGTGCGCAAGATGATCGCC AAGTCGGAGCAAGAGATCGGCAAGGCTACCGCCAAGTACTTCTTCTACTCAAACATCATGAACTTCTTCAAGACC GAGATCACGCTGGCCAACGGCGAGATCCGGAAGAGACCGCTCATCGAGACCAACGGCGAGACGGGGGAGATCGTG TGGGACAAGGGCAGGGATTTCGCGACCGTCCGCAAGGTTCTCTCCATGCCCCAGGTGAACATCGTCAAGAAGACC GAGGTCCAAACGGGCGGGTTCTCAAAGGAGTCTATCCTGCCTAAGCGGAACAGCGACAAGCTCATCGCCAGAAAG AAGGACTGGGACCCAAAGAAGTACGGCGGGTTCGACAGCCCTACCGTGGCCTACTCGGTCCTGGTTGTGGCGAAG GTTGAGAAGGGCAAGTCCAAGAAGCTCAAGAGCGTGAAGGAGCTCCTGGGGATCACCATCATGGAGAGGTCCAGC TTCGAGAAGAACCCAATCGACTTCCTGGAGGCCAAGGGCTACAAGGAGGTGAAGAAGGACCTGATCATCAAGCTC CCGAAGTACTCTCTCTTCGAGCTGGAGAACGGCAGGAAGAGAATGCTGGCTTCCGCTGGCGAGCTCCAGAAGGGG AACGAGCTCGCGCTGCCAAGCAAGTACGTGAACTTCCTCTACCTGGCTTCCCACTACGAGAAGCTCAAGGGCAGC CCGGAGGACAACGAGCAAAAGCAGCTGTTCGTCGAGCAGCACAAGCATTACCTCGACGAGATCATCGAGCAAATC TCCGAGTTCAGCAAGCGCGTGATCCTCGCCGACGCGAACCTGGATAAGGTCCTCTCCGCCTACAACAAGCACCGG GACAAGCCCATCAGAGAGCAAGCGGAGAACATCATCCATCTCTTCACCCTGACGAACCTCGGCGCTCCTGCTGCT TTCAAGTACTTCGACACCACGATCGATCGGAAGAGATACACCTCCACGAAGGAGGTCCTGGACGCGACCCTCATC CACCAGTCGATCACCGGCCTGTACGAGACGAGGATCGACCTCTCACAACTCGGCGGGGATAAGAGACCCGCAGCA ACCAAGAAGGCAGGGCAAGCAAAGAAGAAGAAGACGCGTGACTCCGGCGGCAGCACCAACCTGTCCGACATCATC GAGAAGGAGACGGGCAAGCAACTCGTGATCCAGGAGAGCATCCTCATGCTGCCAGAGGAGGTGGAGGAGGTCATC GGCAACAAGCCAGAGTCCGACATCCTGGTGCACACCGCCTACGACGAGTCCACCGACGAGAACGTCATGCTCCTG ACCAGCGACGCCCCAGAGTACAAGCCATGGGCCCTCGTCATCCAGGACAGCAACGGGGAGAACAAGATCAAGATG CTGtcgggggggagcccaaagaagaagcggaaggtgTAG SEQ ID NO: 14 rice ACCase amino acid sequence MTSTHVATLGVGAQAPPRHQKKSAGTAFVSSGSSRPSYRKNGQRTRSLREESNGGVSDSKKLNHSIRQGLAGIID LPNDAASEVDISHGSEDPRGPTVPGSYQMNGIINETHNGRHASVSKVVEFCTALGGKTPIHSVLVANNGMAAAKF MRSVRTWANDTFGSEKAIQLIAMATPEDLRINAEHIRIADQFVEVPGGTNNNNYANVQLIVEIAERTGVSAVWPG WGHASENPELPDALTAKGIVFLGPPASSMHALGDKVGSALIAQAAGVPTLAWSGSHVEVPLECCLDSIPDEMYRK ACVTTTEEAVASCQVVGYPAMIKASWGGGGKGIRKVHNDDEVRTLFKQVQGEVPGSP1FIMRLAAQSRHLEVQLL CDQYGNVAALHSRDCSVQRRHQKIIEEGPVTVAPRETVKELEQAARRLAKAVGYVGAATVEYLYSMETGEYYFLE LNPRLQVEHPVTEWIAEVNLPAAQVAVGMGIPLWQIPEIRRFYGMNHGGGYDLWRKTAALATPFNFDEVDSKWPK GHCVAVRITSEDPDDGFKPTGGKVKEISFKSKPNVWAYFSVKSGGGIHEFADSQFGHVFAYGTTRSAAITTMALA LKEVQIRGEIHSNVDYTVDLLNASDFRENKIHTGWLDTRIAMRVQAERPPWYISVVGGALYKTVTANTATVSDYV GYLTKGQIPPKHISLVYTTVALNIDGKKYTIDTVRSGHGSYRLRMNGSTVDANVQILCDGGLLMQLDGNSHVIYA EEEASGTRLLIDGKTCMLQNDHDPSKLLAETPCKLLRFLVADGAHVDADVPYAEVEVMKMCMPLLSPASGVIHVV MSEGQAMQAGDLIARLDLDDPSAVKRAEPFEDTFPQMGLPIAASGQVHKLCAASLNACRMILAGYEHDIDKVVPE LVYCLDTPELPFLQWEELMSVLATRLPRNLKSELEGKYEEYKVKFDSGIINDFPANMLRVIIEENLACGSEKEKA TNERLVEPLMSLLKSYEGGRESHAHFVVKSLFEEYLYVEELFSDGIQSDVIERLRLQHSKDLQKVVDIVLSHQSV RNKTKLILKLMESLVYPNPAAYRDQLIRFSSLNHKAYYKLALKASELLEQTKLSELRARIARSLSELEMFTEESK GLSMHKREIAIKESMEDLVTAPLPVEDALISLFDCSDTTVQQRVIETYIARLYQPHLVKDSIKMKWIESGVIALW EFPEGHFDARNGGAVLGDKRWGAMVIVKSLESLSMAIREALKETSHYTSSEGNMMHIALLGADNKMHIIQESGDD ADRIAKLPLILKDNVTDLHASGVKTISFIVQRDEARMTMRRTFLWSDEKLSYEEEPILRHVEPPLSALLELDKLK VKGYNEMKYTPSRDRQWHIYTLRNTENPKMLHRVFFRTLVRQPSVSNKFSSGQIGDMEVGSAEEPLSFTSTSILR SLMTAIEELELHAIRTGHSHMYLHVLKEQKLLDLVPVSGNTVLDVGQDEATAYSLLKEMAMKIHELVGARMHHLS VCQWEVKLKLDCDGPASGTWRIVTTNVTSHTCTVDIYREMEDKESRKLVYHPATPAAGPLHGVALNNPYQPLSVI DLKRCSARNNRTTYCYDFPLAFETAVRKSWSSSTSGASKGVENAQCYVKATELVFADKHGSWGTPLVQMDRPAGL NDIGMVAWILKMSTPEFPSGREIIVVANDITFRAGSFGPREDAFFEAVTNLACEKKLPLIYLAANSGARIGIADE VKSCFRVGWSDDGSPERGFQYIYLSEEDYARIGTSVIAHKMQLDSGEIRWVIDSVVGKEDGLGVENIHGSAAIAS AYSRAYKETFTLTFVTGRTVGIGAYLARLGIRCIQRLDQPIILTGYSALNKLLGREVYSSHMQLGGPKIMATNGV VHLTVSDDLEGVSNILRWLSYVPAYIGGPLPVTTPLDPPDRPVAYIPENSCDPRAAIRGVDDSQGKWLGGMFDKD SFVETFEGWAKTVVTGRAKLGGIPVGVIAVETQTMMQTIPADPGQLDSREQSVPRAGQVWFPDSATKTAQALLDF NREGLPLFILANWRGFSGGQRDLFEGILQAGSTIVENLRTYNQPAFVYIPMAAELRGGAWVVVDSKINPDRIECY AERTAKGNVLEPQGLIElKERSEELQDCMSRLDPTLIDLKAKLEVANKNGSADTKSLQENIEARTKQLMPLYTQI AIRFAELHDTSLRMAAKGVIKKVVDWEESRSFFYKRLRRRISEDVLAKEIRAVAGEQFSHQPAIELIKKWYSASH AAEWDDDDAFVAWMDNPENYKDYIQYLKAQRVSQSLSSLSDSSSDLQALPQGLSMLLDKMDPSRRAQLVEEIRKV LG SEQ ID NO: 15 wheat ACCase amino acid sequence MGSTHLPIVGFNASTITSLSTIRPVNSAGAAFQPSAPSRTSKKKSRRVQSLRDGGDGGVSDPNQSIRQGLAGIID LPKEGTSAPEVDISHGSEEPRGSYQMNGILNEAHNGRHASLSKVVEFCVALGGKTPIHSVLVANNGMAAAKFMRS VRTWANETFGSEKAIQLIAMATPEDMRINAEHIRIADQFVEVPGGTNNNNYANVQLIVEIAVRTGVSAVWPGWGH ASENPELPDALNANGIVFLGPPSSSMNALGDKVGSALIAQAAGVPTLPWSGSQVEIPLEVCLDSIPAEMYRKACV STTEEALASCQMIGYPAMIKASWGGGGKGIRKVNNDDDVRALFKQVQGEVPGSPIFIMRLASQSRHLEVQLLCDQ YGNVAALHSRDCSVQRRHQKIIEEGPVTVAPRETVKELEQAARRLAKAVGYVGAATVEYLYSMETGEYYFLELNP RLQVEHPVTEWIAEVNLPAAQVAVGMGIPLWQVPEIRRFYGMDNGGGYDIWRKTAALATPFNFDEVDSQWPKGHC VAVRITSEDPDDGFKPTGGKVKEISFKSKPNVWAYFSVKSGGGIHEFADSQFGHVFAYGVSRAAAITNMSLALKE IQIRGEIHSNVDYTVDLLNASDFKENRIHTGWLDNRIAMRVQAERPPWYISVVGGALYKTITSNTDTVSEYVSYL VKGQIPPKHISLVHSTVSLNIEESKYTIETIRSGQGSYRLRMNGSVIEANVQTLCDGGLLMQLDGNSHVIYAEEE AGGTRLLIDGKTCLLQNDHDPSRLLAETPCKLLRFLVADGAHVEADVPYAEVEVMKMCMPLLSPAAGVINVLLSE GQPMQAGDLIARLDLDDPSAVKRAEPFNGSFPEMSLPIAASGQVHKRCATSLNAARMVLAGYDHPINKVVQDLVS CLDAPELPFLQWEELMSVLATRLPRLLKSELEGKYSEYKLNVGHGKSKDFPSKMLREIIEENLAHGSEKEIATNE RLVEPLMSLLKSYEGGRESHAHFIVKSLFEDYLSVEELFSDGIQSDVIERLRQQHSKDLQKVVDIVLSHQGVRNK TKLILTLMEKLVYPNPAAYKDQLTRFSSLNHKRYYKLALKASELLEQTKLSELRTSIARSLSELEMFTEERTAIS EIMGDLVTAPLPVEDALVSLFDCSDQTLQQRVIETYISRLYQPHLVKDSIQLKYQESGVIALWEFAEAHSEKRLG AMVIVKSLESVSAAIGAALKDTSRYASSEGNIMHIALLGADNQMHGTEDSGDNDQAQVRIDKLSATLEQNTVTAD LRAAGVKVISCIVQRDGALMPMRHTFLLSDEKLCYEEEPVLRHVEPPLSALLELGKLKVKGYNEVKYTPSRDRQW NIYTLRNTENPKMLIIRVFFRTLVRQPGASNKFTSGHISDVEVGGAEESLSFTSSSILRSLMTAIEELELHAIRT GHSHNIFLCILKEQKLLDLVPVSGNTVVDIGQDEATACSLLKEMALQIHELVGARMHHLSVCQWEVKLKLDSDGP ASGTWRVVTTNVTSHTCTVDIYREVEDTESQKLVYHSAPSSSGPLHGVALNTPYQPLSVIDLKRCSARNNRTTYC YDFPLAFETAVQKSWSNISSDNNRCYVKATELVFAHKNGSWGTPVIPMERPAGLNDIGMVAWILDMSTPEYPNGR QIVVIANDITFRAGSFGPREDAFFETVTNLACERKLPLIYLAANSGARIGIADEVKSCFRVGWSDDGSPERGFQY IYLTEEDHARISTSVIAHKMQLDNGEIRWVIDSVVGKEDGLGVENIHGSAAIASAYSRAYEETFTLTFVTGRTVG IGAYLARLGIRCIQRTDQPIILTGFSALNKLLGREVYSSHNIQLGGPKIMATNGVVHLTVSDDLEGVSNILRWLS YVPANIGGPLPITKSLDPPDRPVAYIPENTCDPRAAISGIDDSQGKWLGGMFDKDSFVETFEGWAKSVVTGRAKL GGIPVGVIAVETQTMMQLIPADPGQLDSHERSVPRAGQVWFPDSATKTAQAMLDFNREGLPLFILANWRGFSGGQ RDLFEGILQAGSTIVENLRTYNQPAFVYIPKAAELRGGAWVVIDSKINPDRIEFYAERTAKGNVLEPQGLIEIKF RSEELQECMGRLDPELINLKAKLQGVKHENGSLPESESLQKSIEARKKQLLPLYTQIAVRFAELHDTSLRMAAKG VIKKVVDWEDSRSFFYKRLRRRISEDVLAKEIRGVSGKQFSHQSAIELIQKWYLASKGAETGSTEWDDDDAFVAW RENPENYQEYIKELRAQRVSQLLSDVADSSPDLEALPQGLSMLLEKMDPSRRAQFVEEVKKVLK SEQ ID NO: 16 rice ALS amino acid sequence MATTAAAAAATLSAAATAKTGRKNHQRHHVLPARGRVGAAAVRCSAVSPVTPPSPAPPATPLRPWGPAEPRKGAD ILVEALERCGVSDVFAYPGGASMEIHQALTRSPVITNHLFRHEQGEAFAASGYARASGRVGVCVATSGPGAINLV SALADALLDSVPMVAITGQVPRRMIGTDAFQETPIVEVTRSITKHNYLVLDVEDIPRVIQEAFFLASSGRPGPVL VDIPKDIQQQMAVPVWDTSMNLPGYIARLPKPPATELLEQVLRLVGESRRPILYVGGGCSASGDELRRFVELTGI PVTTTLMGLGNFPSDDPLSLRMLGMHGTVYANYAVDKADLLLAFGVREDDRVTGKIEAFASRAKIVHIDIDPAEI GKNKQPHVSICADVKLALQGLNALLDQSTTKTSSDFSAWHNELDQQKREFPLGYKTFGEEIPPQYAIQVLDELTK GEAIIATGVGQHQMWAAQYYTYKRPRQWLSSAGLGAMGFGLPAAAGASVANPGVTVVDIDGDGSFLMNIQELALI RIENLPVKVMVLNNQHLGMVVQWEDRFYKANRAHTYLGNPECESEIYPDFVTIAKGFNIPAVRVIKKSEVRAAIK KMLETPGPYLLDIIVPHQEHVLPMIPSEGAFKDMILDGDGRTMY SEQ ID NO: 17 wheat ALS amino acid sequence (partial) AASPAATSAAPPATALRPWGPSEPRKGADILVEALERCGIVDVFAYPGGASMEIHQALTRSPVITNHLFRHEQGE AFAASGYARASGRVGVCVATSGPGATNLVSALADALLDSIPMVAITGQVPRRMIGTDAFQETPIVEVTRSITKHN YLVLDVEDIPRVIQEAFFLASSGRPGPVLVDIPKDIQQQMAVPVWDTPMSLPGYIARLPKPPSTESLEQVLRLVG ESRRPILYVGGGCAASGEELRRFVELTGIPVTTTLMGLGNFPSDDPLSLRMLGMHGTVYANYAVDKADLLLAFGV RFDDRVTGKIEAFASRSKIVHIDIDPAEIGKNKQPHVSICADVKLALQGLNDLLNGSKAQQGLDFGPWHKELDQQ KREFPLGFKTFGEAIPPQYAIQVLDELTKGEAIIATGVGQHQMWAAQYYTYKRPRQWLSSSGLGAMGFGLPAAAG AAVANPGVTVVDIDGDGSFLMNIQELALIRIENLPVKVMILNNQHLGMVVQWEDRFYKANRAHTYLGNPENESEI YPDEVIIAKGENVPAVRVIKKSEVTAAIKKMLETPGPYLLDIIVPHQEHVLPMIPSGGAFKDMIMEGDGRTSY SEQ ID NO: 18 wheat HPPD amino acid sequence MPPIPITPAATGAGAAAAVTPEHARPRRMVRFNPRSDRFHTLSFHHVEFWCADAASAAGRFAFALGAPLAARSDL STGNSVHASQLLRSGNLAFLFTAPYANGCDAATASLPSFSADAARRFSADHGLAVRSIALRVADAAEAFRASVDG GARPAFSPVDLGRGFGFAEVELYGDVVLRFVSHPDDTDVPFLPGFEGVSNPDAVDYGLTRFDHVVGNVPELAPAA AYVAGFAGFHEFAEFTTEDVGTAESGLNSMVLANNSEGVLLPLNEPVHGTKRRSQIQTFLEHHGGSGVQHIAVAS SDVLRTLREMRARSAMGGEDFLPPRCRKYYEGVRRIAGDVLSEAQIKECQELGVLVDRDDQGVLLQIFTKPVGDR PTLFLEMIQRIGCMEKDERGEEYQKGGCGGFGKGNFSELFKSIEDYEKSLEAKQSAAVQGS 

1. A method for producing a herbicide-resistant plant, preferably a transgene-free herbicide-resistant plant, comprising introducing into the plant a system for base-editing a herbicide resistance-related gene in the plant genome, thereby the guide RNA targets the base-editing fusion protein to a target sequence of a herbicide resistance-related gene in the plant, resulting in one or more nucleotide substitutions in the target sequence, said system comprising at least one of the following (i) to (v): i) a base editing fusion protein, and a guide RNA; ii) an expression construct comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a base editing fusion protein, and a guide RNA; iii) a base editing fusion protein, and an expression construction comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a guide RNA; iv) an expression construct comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a base editing fusion protein, and an expression construct comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a guide RNA; v) an expression construct comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding base editing fusion protein and a nucleotide sequence encoding guide RNA; wherein said base editing fusion protein contains a nuclease-inactivated CRISPR nuclease (such as nuclease-inactivated Cas9) domain and a deaminase domain, said guide RNA can target said base editing fusion protein to a target sequence in the herbicide resistance related gene in the plant genome, wherein said one or more nucleotide substitutions confers herbicide resistance to the plant, optionally, said method further comprises a step of screening the plant for herbicide resistance.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein said herbicide resistance-related gene encodes for a herbicide resistance-related protein selected from PsbA, ALS, EPSPS, ACCase, PPO, HPPD, PDS, GS, DOXPS, P450.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein said base editing fusion protein comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 10 or
 11. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the guide RNA targets one or more of SEQ ID NOs: 19-78.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein said herbicide resistance-related gene encodes for ACCase, said one or more nucleotide substitutions result in amino acid substitutions in ACCase selected from W2027 and W2027+R2028, wherein the amino acid Position refers to SEQ ID No:
 1. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein said herbicide resistance-related gene encodes for ALS, said one or more nucleotide substitutions result in amino acid substitutions in ALS selected from P197A, P197F, P197S, P197Y, P197F+R198C, G654E+G655S, G654K+G655S, G654E+G659N, P197F+G654E+G655S, or any combinations thereof, wherein the amino acid position refers to SEQ ID No:
 2. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein said herbicide resistance-related gene encodes for ALS, the guide RNA targets a target sequence comprising a sequence encoding amino acid(s) selected from the group consisting of A122, P197, R198, D204, A205, G654, G655, G659 or any combination thereof, wherein the amino acid Position refers to SEQ. ID No:
 2. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein said herbicide resistance-related gene encodes for ACCase, the guide RNA targets a target sequence comprising a sequence encoding amino acid(s) selected from the group consisting of 51768, R1793, A1794, R1825, D1827, L1815, A1816, R1817, A1837, G1854, G1855, D1971, D1972, G1983, P1993, R1994, 52003, A2004, T2005, T2007, A2008, R2028, G2029, T2047, R2070, G2071, A2090, E2091, E2106, 52119, R2220, A1813, E1796, E1797, T1800, L1801, S1849, H1850, D1874, D1875, L2024, E1989, R1990, L2099, or any combination thereof, wherein the amino acid position refers to SEQ ID No:1.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein said herbicide resistance-related gene encodes for EPSPS, the guide RNA targets a target sequence comprising a sequence encoding amino acid(s) selected from the group consisting of T102 and/or A103, wherein the amino acid positions refer to SEQ ID No:4.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein said herbicide resistance-related gene encodes for HPPD, the guide RNA targets a target sequence comprising a sequence coding amino acid(s) selected from the group consisting of P277, V364, C413, G414, G415, V366, or any combination thereof, wherein the amino acid positions refer to SEQ ID No:
 3. 11. A method of identifying a variant of a herbicide resistance related protein, wherein said variant is capable of conferring herbicide resistance to a plant, said method comprising: i) generating a herbicide-resistant plant by the method of claim 1; and ii) determining the sequence of the herbicide resistance related gene and/or the encoded herbicide resistance related protein in the resulting herbicide resistant plant, thereby identifying the sequence of the variant.
 12. The method of claim 11, wherein said herbicide resistance-related herbicide resistance-related protein is selected from PsbA, ALS, EPSPS, ACCase, PPO, HPPD, PDS, GS, DOXPS, P450.
 13. A variant of a herbicide resistance-related protein, which is identified by the method according to claim 11, wherein said variant is capable of conferring herbicide resistance to a plant.
 14. An ACCase variant, compared with wildtype ACCase, said ACCase variant comprises amino acid mutation at one of more positions selected from 1768, 1793, 1796, 1797, 1794, 1800, 1801, 1813, 1813, 1815, 1825, 1827, 1815, 1816, 1817, 1837, 1838, 1849, 1850, 1854, 1855, 1874, 1875, 1971, 1872, 1983, 1989, 1990, 1993, 1994, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2024, 2027, 2028, 2029, 2047, 2070, 2071, 2090, 2091, 2090, 2106, 2099, 2106, 2119, 2220, wherein the amino acid position refers to SEQ ID NO:1, said variant confers herbicide resistance to a plant.
 15. An ALS variant, compared with wildtype ALS, said ALS variant comprises amino acid mutation at one of more positions selected from 122, 197, 204, 205, 653, 654, 655, 659, wherein the amino acid position refers to SEQ ID NO:2, said variant confers herbicide resistance to a plant.
 16. An HPPD variant, compared with wildtype HPPD, said HPPD comprises amino acid mutation at one of more positions selected from 277, 364, 366, 413, 414, 415, wherein the amino acid position refers to SEQ ID NO:3, said variant confers herbicide resistance to a plant.
 17. An EPSPS variant, compared with wildtype EPSPS, said EPSPS comprises amino acid mutation at one of more positions selected from 102 and 103, wherein the amino acid position refers to SEQ ID NO:4, said variant confers herbicide resistance to a plant.
 18. An isolated nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a variant of claim
 13. 19. An expression cassette comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a variant of claim 13 operably linked to a regulatory sequence. 20-21. (canceled)
 22. A method of producing a herbicide-resistant plant, comprising introducing the isolated nucleic acid of claim 18 into a plant.
 23. A herbicide-resistant plant, which is obtained by the method of claim
 1. 24. (canceled) 